• Science

• Areas of Science –
Biology, chemistry and Physics
• Scientists and Inventors (Heroes of Science)
• Father of Chemistry - Antoine Lavoisier
• Qualities of Scientist
Creativity, determination, dedication,
resilience

• Scientist – Who studies how things work and

tries to understand the principles governing it.
• Inventor- Uses principles of science to invent
new techniques.
• Apparatus
1. Measuring cylinder 16. Thermometer
2. Beaker Clinical thermometer- 35- 42 degree
3. Filter funnel celsius
4. Thermometer Lab. Thermometer- 10 – 180 degree
5. Test tube celsius
6. Round bottom flask
7. Wire gauze
8. tripod stand
9. Bunsen burner
10. Conical flask
Difference between Measuring Cylinder and
11. Pipette Burette
12. Spatula
13. Burette
14. Stop clock
15. Stirrer/ glass rod
• Measuring cylinder: It is used for measuring
large amount of liquids.

• Test tubes: It is used for carrying out

chemical reactions.

• Beakers: It is used for holding chemicals,

carrying out large volume of chemical
reactions.
• Round bottom flask: Used for carrying out
chemical reactions that has large volumes of
chemical and requires uniform heating.
• Flat bottom flask: It is a modified flask that
can stand on a level surface. It is used for
similar functions as that of round bottom
flask.
• Conical flask: Preferred apparatus for carrying
out chemical reactions that require heating.
The conical shape of the flask help to reduce
chemical loses due to evaporation and /or
splashing.
• Burette: Used for measuring accurate but
small amount of chemicals.
• Pipette: Used for transferring fixed amount of
chemicals.
• Filter funnel: Used to transfer chemicals in
flasks and also used for carrying out
filtration.
• Separating funnel: Used to separate mixture
of immiscible liquids (liquids that cannot mix
are called immiscible. Eg. Oil and water)
• Thermometer: Used to measure temperature of
the reaction.

• Stop clock: Used to measure time required for

completing a chemical reaction.

• Glass rod: Used to stir the mixture of chemicals.

• Spatula: Used to transfer small amount of solids in

the mixture.

• Tripod stand, Wire gauze and Bunsen burner: They

need for any reaction that requires heat.
Bunsen burner - Invented by Robert Bunsen
It is used for heating, sterilization and combustion.
The gas can be natural gas (which is mainly methane) or a liquefied
petroleum gas (LPG), such as propane, butane, or a mixture of both.
Advantages – Portable
Disadvantages – Do not produce large amount of heat quickly
 Aspirit lamp uses ethanol ie. ethyl alcohol as a fuel. It is
mostly used in laboratories. Spirit lamp is also called
an alcohol burner.

An alcohol lamp is used for heating, sterilization, and combustion in

a laboratory.
Warning signs
 Flammable- Catch fire easily with alcohol
 Toxic – Poisonous
 Corrosive- Substances having tendency to cause
corrosion Ex: strong acid or alkali
 Explosive- A substance that undergoes a rapid
chemical change or being heated or struck.
 Harmful or irritant- Substance which cause harm
or irritation
 Oxidising - Substance which react with oxygen
 Radioactive- exhibiting or caused by radioactive
Scientist like to do things systematically.

Any scientific enquiry goes through four stages:

Stage 1: Considering ideas and evidence

Stage 2: Planning the investigation
Stage 3: Obtaining and presenting evidence
Stage 4: Considering the evidence and approach
Stage 1: Considering ideas and evidence
Considering ideas and evidence from your own observations
or from other investigations. You may also make a prediction
at this stage to describe what you think may happen.

Stage 2: Planning the investigation

• Plan outline, considering the variables to control, change or observe
• Make prediction, referring to previous scieintific knowledge and
understanding
• Identify appropriate evidence
• Choose appropriate apparatus and use it correctly.
Stage 3: Obtaining and presenting evidence

Making careful observations and measurements and recording them in

tables, bar charts and line graphs.

Stage 4: Considering the evidence and approach

Drawing conclusions from the investigation and thinking bout how the
investigation could be improved.