Schools of Philosophy

The Universal and

Particular
 One of the simpler ways of distinguishing one
from the other is by saying that:

 1. particular refers to a part of the whole

 2. universal pertains to the whole.

 But in philosophy and its branches the
universal and particular is dealt in different
way:

 “Why am I here?”

 Philosophy : the totality of existence

 Concept of freedom:

 Man is free to do or to become./ free from

 Philosophical Approach: the essence of being

free, the essence of man. The essence of the
world..
The Truth and Dialectics
 Philosophers rely on the human faculty of
reason as they do philosophy:
 Through the rational capacity, they arrived at

a technique to resolve philosophical

questions.
 Most of the philosophical discovery is seen as

result of collaboration with partners in

dialogue or conversation.
Scholasticism
 Faith and reason:
 That reflection and analysis may be used to

clarify thought or provide pieces of evidence

as proofs for a topic important to human like
religious beliefs.
Rationalism and
Empericism
 Rationalism:
 Reflection and analysis are limited to analytic

and formal knowledge of mathematics and

logic.

 Empiricism:
 Believe that aside from reason, experience is

also a source of knowledge.

 Five senses connected to the world
Analytic and Continental
 Analytic – believes that the task of
philosophy is to carefully analyze ordinary
language use.
 Continental Tradition:
 Scientific method is insufficient

1. German Idealism
2. Phenomenology
3. Existentialism
4. Hermeneutics
5. Structuralism
6. Post- Structuralism
7. Feminism
German Idealism

 The theory that only perceptible is real and

true.

 The attitude of a person who believes that is

possible to live according to very high
standards of behavior and honesty.
Phenomenology

 Formal structure of objects of awareness and

of awareness itself in abstraction from any
claims concerning existence.
Existentialism

 Analysis of individual existence in an

unfathomable universe and the plight of
individual who must assume ultimate
responsibility for acts of free will.
Hermeneutics

 Methodological principles of
interpretation
Structuralism and Post- Structuralism

 A method of analysis that is related to

cultural anthropology and that focuses on
recurring patterns and behavior.
Feminism

 The belief that men and women should equal

rights and opportunities.