COUNTING

PRINCIPLES
- INTRODUCTION OF COUNTING
- BASIC OF COUNTING PRINCIPLES
- SIMPLIFY COUNTING - PROBABILITY
Introduction Counting Principles

Basic Counting
Principles

Product Rule Sum Rule

Probability
(m1 . n2) (m1 + n2)
 Also called Applies when a
multiplication rule procedure is made
up of separate task
Product
Rule
make one choice If a M ways to do task 1
AND N ways to do task 2
AND (M . N)ways to do both task
a second choice in sequence
When there are M way to do one thing
And N way to do another

Then there are (M x N) way of doing both

PRODUCT RULE

Example 1
Aina have 3 shirts and 4 pants.

Solutions
That means 3×4=12 different outfits.
PRODUCT RULE

Example 2
There are 6 flavors of ice-cream, and 3 different
cones.

Solution
That means 6×3=18 different single-scoop ice-creams
you could order.
PRODUCT RULE

Example 3
There are 18 maths majors and 25 science
majors. How many ways are there to pick one
math majors AND one science majors?

Solution
There are 18 ways to select math majors and 25
ways to select science majors

Total is 18 x 25 = 450 ways

PRODUCT RULE
Example 4
Consider a wedding picture of 6 people. There are 10
people, including the bride. How many possible options is
available to choose if the bride must be in the picture

Solution
Place the bride first AND then place the rest of people
- The bride can be in one of 6 position
- There are 9 people to choose for second person, 8 for
third, 7 for fourth, 6 for fifth and 5 people to choose for
people number 6
- Total = 9 x 8 x7 x 6 x 5 = 15120

Product rule = 6 x 15120 = 90720 option

PRODUCT RULE
Example 5
PRODUCT RULE
Solution
Zetty goes to Pizza Hut and orders
a pizza. She can choose either a
large or a medium pizza, can choose
one of seven different toppings and
can have three different choice of
crust. How many different pizzas
could Zetty order?
Shawn must choose a four digit PIN
number. Each digit can be chosen
from 0 to 9. How many different
possible PIN number can Shawn
choose?
 For her literature course, Sarah
has to choose one novel to
study from a list of four, one
poem from a list of six and one
short story from a list of five.
How many different choices does
Sarah have

Marsha has 9 different skirts, 7

different tops, 10 different pairs
of shoes, 2 different necklaces
and 5 different bracelets. In how
many ways can Marsha dress up.
 Make one choice
Also called OR
additional rule
A second choice
Sum Rule
If a M ways to do There are M + N
task 1 AND N ways ways to do one of
to do task 2 the two task
SUM RULE
Example 1
There are 18 math majors and 25 science majors. How
many ways are there to pick one math majors OR one
science majors?

Solution
There are 18 ways to select math majors and 25 ways to
select science majors

Total is 18 + 25 = 43 ways
SUM RULE

Example 2
In how many ways can we select one book from
different subjects among five distinct computer
science books, three distinct mathematics books
and two distinct arts books.

Solution
There are 5 + 3 + 2 = 10 ways to selecting one
book from different subject among the computer
science, mathematics and arts books.
 Simplify

Counting Principles

Probability
Probability as a general
concept can be defined as the
chance of an event occurring.
For example, predictions are
based on probability
 Probability Define
experiment a chance process that leads to
well-defined results called
outcomes.

outcome the result of a single trial of a

probability experiment
sample space the set of all possible outcomes of
a probability experiment.
event consists of the outcomes of a
probability experiment
Experiment Sample space

Toss one coin Head, Tail

Roll a dice 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Answer a true-false True, False

question
Toss two coins Head-head, tail-tail, head-
tail, tail-head
Example 1

Find the sample space for rolling two dice.

Solution

Since each dice can land in six different ways,

and two dice are rolled, the sample space can
be presented by a rectangular array. The
sample space is the list of pairs of numbers in
the chart.
 Dice 2
Dice 1
1 2 3 4 5 6

1 (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)

2 (2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
3 (3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)
4 (4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)
5 (5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
6 (6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)
Example 2

Find the sample space for the gender of the

children if a family has three children. Use B
for boy and G for girl.

Solution
There are two genders, male and female, and
each child could be either gender. Hence there
are eight possibilities, as shown here.
 

BBB BBG BGB GBB

GGG GGB GBG
BGG
 
Example 3

Find the sample space for tossing two coins.

Solution

Sample space = { (Head, Head), (Head, Tail),

(Tail, Head),(Tail,Tail) }
 Classical Probability

Classical probability uses sample spaces to determine

the numerical probability that an event will happen.

Probability Rule 1
The probability of any event E is a number (either a fraction or
decimal) between and including 0 and 1. This is denoted by .
Probability Rule 2
If an event E cannot occur (i.e., the even contains no members in
the sample space), the probability is zero.
Probability Rule 3
If an event is certain, the probability of E = 1.
Probability Rule 4
The sum of the probabilities of the outcomes in the sample space is
1
Formula for Classical Probability

The probability of any event E is

_____Number of outcomes in E____________

Total number of outcomes in the sample space

This probability is denoted by

This probability is called classical probability, and it

uses the sample space S.
Example 4

If a family has three children, find the probability

that all the children are girls

Solution

The sample space for the gender of children for

a family that has three children is BBB, BBG,
BGB, GBB, GGG, GGB, GBG, and BGG. Since
there is one way in eight possibilities for all
three children to be girls,
 
P(GGG) = 1 / 8
Example 5

When a single dice is rolled, find the probability

of getting a 9

Solution

Since the sample space is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, it

is impossible to get a 9. Hence, the probability is
P(9) = 0 / 0 = 0
Example 6

When a single dice is rolled, what is the

probability of getting a number less than 7

Solution

Since all outcomes, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, are less

1
6

than 7, the probability is

Practice A

1.What is the probability of throwing a number

greater than 4 with a dice whose faces are
numbered from 1 to 6?
Answer : 1/3 or 0.33

2.In a competition a prize is given for correctly

forecasting the results of six football matches. If
a competitor sends in ten different forecasts,
what is the probability, that he receives the
prize?
Answer : 0.0137 or 1.37%
Practice A

3.A purse contains 7 copper and 13 silver coins.

Determine the probability of selecting a copper
coin when one is taken at random
Answer : 7 / 20

4.Determine the probability of an event not

happening when the probability of it happening
is 7/93
Answer : 86 / 93
Addition Rules for Probability
Two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot
occur at the same time (i.e., they have no outcomes in
common)
Addition Rule 1

When two events A and B are mutually exclusive, the

probability that A and B will occur is
P(A or B) =P(A) + P(B)
 
Addition Rule 2
 
If A and B are not mutually exclusive, then
 
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A B)
Example 7

A restaurant has 3 pieces of chicken karipap, 5

pieces of potato karipap and 4 pieces of fish
karipap. If a customer selects a piece of karipap
for dessert, find the probability that it will be either
potato or fish

Solution
Since there are 12 pieces of karipap,
P(potato or fish) = P(potato) + P(fish) =
The events are mutually exclusive.
Example 8

There are 20 buffaloes, 13 cows and 6 goats in a

lorry. If an animal is selected at random, find the
probability that that animal is either a cow or a
goat.

Solution
P(cow or goat) = P(cow) + P(goat)

• =
Example 9

A day of the week is selected at random; find the

probability that it is a weekend day (Saturday or
Sunday).

Soution
P(Saturday or Sunday) = P(Saturday) +
P(Sunday) =
Example 10
In a hospital unit there are eight nurses and five
doctors. Seven nurses and three doctors are females.
If a staff person is selected the probability that the
subject is a nurse or a female.
Solution
The sample space is shown below:

The probability is P (nurse or male) = P(nurse) + P(male)

– P(male nurse)
Practice B
Practice B
Answer :
Multiplication Rules for Probability

Two events A and B are independent if the fact

that A occurs does not affect the probability of B
occurring.

Multiplication Rule 1
 
When two events are independent, the probability of
both occurring is

P(A and B) = P(A).P(B)

 
Example 11

A coin is flipped and a dice is rolled. Find the

probability of getting a head on the coin and a 4
on the dice

Solution
P(head and 4) = P(head).P(4) =

Note
sample space for the coin is ( H, T ); and
sample space for the dice is ( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 )
Example 12

An urn contains three red balls, two blue balls,

and five white balls. A ball is selected and its
color noted. Then it is replaced. A second ball is
selected and its color noted. Find the probability
of each of the following.

a. selecting two blue balls.

b. selecting a blue ball and then a red ball.
c. selecting a red ball and then a blue ball.
Solution
a. P(blue and blue) = P(blue).P(blue) =

b. P(blue and white) = P(blue).P(white) =

c. P (red and blue) = P(red).P(blue) =

Example 13

A pool found that 46% of students say they have

suffered great stress at least once in the exam
week. If three students are selected at random,
find the probability that all three will say that they
suffer great stress at least once in the exam week

Solution
Let S denote stress, then P(S and S and S) =
P(S).P(S).P(S) = (0.46)(0.46)(0.46) =0.097
Practice C
Answer :