LECTURE IIA: WATER DEMAND

CVE 503: UNIT OPERATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

 Specific Learning Outcomes (SPL)

1. Determine Water Requirements for a community, urban areas and cities

2. Model the water demand for a given areas

 INTRODUCTION

Design of water systems requires estimates of expected water demands

applicable to the sizing of system pumping equipment, transmission and
distribute on lines, and storage facilities.
 WATER REQUIREMENTS

Determination of total water requirements involves:

Water consumption rate (Per Capita Demand in litres per day per head)
Population to be served.

Quantity = Per capita demand x Population

 PER CAPITA DEMAND

If „Q‟ is the total quantity of water required by various purposes by a town per
year and „ p‟ is population of town, then per capita demand will be

Q
Per capita demand = -------------- litres /day
P x 365
 FLUCTUATIONS IN RATE OF DEMAND

Average Daily Per Capita Demand = Quantity Required in 12 months /

(365 x Population)
If this average demand is supplied at all the times, it will not be sufficient to meet
the fluctuations.

Maximum daily demand = 1.8 x average daily demand

 FLUCTUATIONS IN RATE OF DEMAND

Maximum hourly demand of maximum day i.e. Peak demand

= 1.5 x average hourly demand
= 1.5 x Maximum daily demand/24
= 1.5 x (1.8 x average daily demand)/24
= 2.7 x average daily demand/24
= 2.7 x annual average hourly demand
 Model the Water demand

1. Linear model

2. Exponential model
 Linear Model

Applying the linear model, the demand after number of years

Q1+n = Q1

Q 1 is the water demand at year 1

Q1+n he forecast water demand after in years,

n is the design period
a is the average annual population growth during the design period (%)
 Exponential Model

Applying the exponential model, the demand after number years

Q1+n = Q1

Q 1 is the water demand at year 1

Q1+n the forecast water demand after in years,

n is the design period
a is the average annual population growth during the design period (%)
 Example III

For a township having population of 60,000 estimate average daily demand of

water. Assume industrial use 10 %, institutional & commercial use 15 %, public use
5 % and live stock 10 % of domestic demand. Take per capita consumption of 50
l/day and leakage to be 5 %.
 Solution

P = 60,000
 Domestic = 50 x 60,000 = 3000000 l/day = 3000 m 3 /day
 Industrial = 0.10 x 3000 m 3 /day = 300 m 3 /day,
Inst & com. = 0.15 x 3000 m 3 /day = 450 m 3 /day
 Public = 0.05 x 3000 m 3 /day = 150 m 3 /day
 Live stock = 0.10 x 3000 m 3 /day = 300 m 3 /day
Leakage = 0.05 x 3000 m 3 /day = 150 m 3 /day
 Total average daily demand = 4350 m 3 /day
 Example IV
Calculate the water requirements for a community that will reach a

population of 120,000 at the design year. The estimated municipal water

demand for the community is 300 l/c/d. Calculate the fire flow, design

capacity of the water treatment plant, and design capacity of the water

distribution system. Use NBFU formula for fire flow.

 Solution

 P = 120,000
 Qday-avg = 300 x 120,000 =36000000 l/d = 36000 m 3 /d
Take PF for Q day-max = 1.6 and 2.0 for Q peak-hr
 Q day-max =1.6 x 36000= 57,600 m 3
 Qpeak-hr= 2.0 x 36000 = 72,000 m 3
Design capacity of treatment plant = 57,600 m 3 /day
 Design capacity = max (72,000 or 57600 + 54219) = 111819 m 3 /day
 Example V
A water supply company has delivered an annual quantity of 80 million m3 to a city
of 12 million peoples.

1. Compute the specific water demand in the distribution areas.

2. Estimate the domestic consumption per capita with leakage from the system
estimated to be 15 % of the total water supply and billed non-domestic
consumption of 20,000000m3/year
 Solution

Gross specific demand can be determined as

Q avg =

Q avg =

= 183 liters/capita/day
 Solution

The leakage of 18 % of the total water supply amounts to an annual loss of 12

million m3.

Reducing the total figure further for non- domestic consumption yields the annual
domestic consumption of 80 -12-20 = 48 million m3 which is equal to a specific
domestic consumption of approximately 110 liters/capita/day
 Example VI

In a residential area of 250, 000 peoples, the specific water demand is estimated at
150 l/c/d which includes leakage.

1. Determine the demand in 20 years if the assumed annual demand growth is 2.5.

2. Compare the results by applying the linear and exponential models.

 Solution

The present demand in the city is equal to

 
Q avg =
= 91250 m3/year
 Solution
Applying the linear model, the demand after 20 years will be grown to
Q1+n = Q1

Q 1 is the water demand at year 1

Q1+n he forecast water demand after in years,

n is the design period
a is the average annual population growth during the design period (%)
Q21 = 91250
 
= 136, 875m3/y, which is an increase of 50 % compared to the present demand
 Solution
Applying the exponential model, the demand after 20 years will be grown to
Q1+n = Q1

Q 1 is the water demand at year 1

Q1+n the forecast water demand after in years,

n is the design period
a is the average annual population growth during the design period (%)
Q21 = 91250
 
= 149,524m3/y, which is an increase of 64 % compared to the present demand