Representational State Transfer (REST) : Representing Information in Web 2.0 Applications

Representational State Transfer (REST):
Representing Information in Web 2.0

Applications
Emilio F Zegarra
CS 2650
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• A communications protocol
• Allows retrieving inter-linked text documents (hypertext)

• World Wide Web.
• HTTP Verbs GET /index.html HTTP/1.1

Host: www.pitt.edu
Browser Web Server
• HEAD
• GET
• POST HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: text/html
• PUT
• DELETE <html><head>…
• TRACE
• OPTIONS
• CONNECT
2
Representational State Transfer (REST)
• A style of software architecture for distributed

hypermedia systems such as the World Wide Web.
• Introduced in the doctoral dissertation of Roy Fielding

• One of the principal authors of the HTTP specification.
• A collection of network architecture principles which

outline how resources are defined and addressed
3
REST and HTTP
• The motivation for REST was to capture the
characteristics of the Web which made the Web
successful.
• URI Addressable resources

• HTTP Protocol
• Make a Request – Receive Response – Display Response
• Exploits the use of the HTTP protocol beyond HTTP

POST and HTTP GET
• HTTP PUT, HTTP DELETE
4
REST - not a Standard
• REST is not a standard
• JSR 311: JAX-RS: The JavaTM API for RESTful Web Services
• But it uses several standards:

• HTTP
• URL
• XML/HTML/GIF/JPEG/etc (Resource Representations)
• text/xml, text/html, image/gif, image/jpeg, etc (Resource Types, MIME
Types)
5
Main Concepts
Nouns (Resources)
unconstrained
i.e., http://example.com/employees/12345
REST
Verbs Representations
constrained constrained
i.e., GET i.e., XML
6
Resources
• The key abstraction of information in REST is a
resource.
• A resource is a conceptual mapping to a set of entities

• Any information that can be named can be a resource: a
document or image, a temporal service (e.g. "today's
weather in Los Angeles"), a collection of other resources, a
non-virtual object (e.g. a person), and so on
• Represented with a global identifier (URI in HTTP)
• http://www.boeing.com/aircraft/747
7
Naming Resources
• REST uses URI to identify resources
• http://localhost/books/
• http://localhost/books/ISBN-0011
• http://localhost/books/ISBN-0011/authors
• http://localhost/classes
• http://localhost/classes/cs2650
• http://localhost/classes/cs2650/students
• As you traverse the path from more generic to more

specific, you are navigating the data
8
Verbs
• Represent the actions to be performed on resources
• HTTP GET
• HTTP POST
• HTTP PUT
• HTTP DELETE
9
HTTP GET
• How clients ask for the information they seek.
• Issuing a GET request transfers the data from the

server to the client in some representation
• GET http://localhost/books
• Retrieve all books
• GET http://localhost/books/ISBN-0011021
• Retrieve book identified with ISBN-0011021
• GET http://localhost/books/ISBN-0011021/authors
• Retrieve authors for book identified with ISBN-0011021
10
HTTP PUT, HTTP POST
• HTTP POST creates a resource

• HTTP PUT updates a resource
• POST http://localhost/books/
• Content: {title, authors[], …}
• Creates a new book with given properties
• PUT http://localhost/books/isbn-111
• Content: {isbn, title, authors[], …}
• Updates book identified by isbn-111 with submitted properties
11
HTTP DELETE
• Removes the resource identified by the URI
• DELETE http://localhost/books/ISBN-0011
• Delete book identified by ISBN-0011
12
Representations
• How data is represented or returned to the client for
presentation.
• Two main formats:
• JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)
• XML
• It is common to have multiple representations of the

same data
13
Representations
• XML
• <COURSE>
• <ID>CS2650</ID>
• <NAME>Distributed Multimedia Software</NAME>
• </COURSE>
• JSON
• {course
• {id: CS2650}
• {name: Distributed Multimedia Sofware}
• }
14
Why is it called
"Representational State Transfer"?
http://www.boeing.com/aircraft/747
Client Resource
Fuel requirements
Maintenance schedule
...
Boeing747.html
The Client references a Web resource using a URL. A representation of the resource is returned (in
this case as an HTML document).
The representation (e.g., Boeing747.html) places the client application in a state. The result of the
client traversing a hyperlink in Boeing747.html is another resource accessed. The new representation
places the client application into yet another state. Thus, the client application changes (transfers) state
with each resource representation --> Representation State Transfer!
15
Architecture Style
Request HTTP GET

(XML doc) URL 1 doGet()
Response HTTP Response
Web/Proxy Server
(XML doc)
doPost(id)
Request HTTP POST
(XML doc) URL 1 REST Engine
(locate resource
Response HTTP Response and generate
(JSON doc)
response) doDelete()
PO HTTP DELETE
(XML doc) URL 1
Response HTTP Response

(TEXT doc)
16
Real Life Examples
• Google Maps
• Google AJAX Search API
• Yahoo Search API
• Amazon WebServices
17
REST and the Web
• The Web is an example of a REST system!
• All of those Web services that you have been using all
these many years - book ordering services, search
services, online dictionary services, etc - are REST-
based Web services.
• Alas, you have been using REST, building REST

services and you didn't even know it.
18
REST Implementations
• Restlet
• http://www.restlet.org/
• Project Zero
• http://www.projectzero.org
• GlassFish Jersey
• https://jersey.dev.java.net/
• JBoss RESTeasy
• http://www.jboss.org/resteasy/
19
My Project - Web 2.0 IC Card
• Objective
• Transform the IC Card Application to support
REST resources
• http://www.cs.pitt.edu/icms/iccards
• http://www.cs.pitt.edu/icms/iccards/001
• http://www.cs.pitt.edu/icms/groups/1/users
20
Invocation Model
http http
Client REST Service
SQL
Channels
Database 21
Tasks
• Design a REST resource model for the IC Card
• Review persistent model (MySql)
• Configure a REST engine (Project Zero)
• Create a new Rich User Interface (DOJO Toolkit)
22
References
• Representational State Transfer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Tr
ansfer
• Roy Fieldings Thesis

http://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/pubs/dissertation/
top.htm
23

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Representational State Transfer (REST):

Representing Information in Web 2.0

• Allows retrieving inter-linked text documents (hypertext)

• HTTP Verbs GET /index.html HTTP/1.1

• A style of software architecture for distributed

• Introduced in the doctoral dissertation of Roy Fielding

• A collection of network architecture principles which

• URI Addressable resources

• Exploits the use of the HTTP protocol beyond HTTP

• But it uses several standards:

• A resource is a conceptual mapping to a set of entities

• Represented with a global identifier (URI in HTTP)

• As you traverse the path from more generic to more

• Represent the actions to be performed on resources

• Issuing a GET request transfers the data from the

• HTTP POST creates a resource

• Removes the resource identified by the URI

• Two main formats:

• JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)

• It is common to have multiple representations of the

Request HTTP GET

Response HTTP Response

Response HTTP Response

• Google AJAX Search API

• Yahoo Search API

• The Web is an example of a REST system!

• Alas, you have been using REST, building REST

Client REST Service

• Design a REST resource model for the IC Card

• Review persistent model (MySql)

• Configure a REST engine (Project Zero)

• Create a new Rich User Interface (DOJO Toolkit)

• Representational State Transfer

• Roy Fieldings Thesis

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