LITERATURE

Presented by:

ANGELO K. LAHINA, LPT, MAT

Instructor III
 LITERATURE

The word literature is derived from the Latin

term litera (“literae” plural) which means letter.

For Webster, literature is anything that is printed,

as long as it is related to the ideas and feelings of
people, whether it is true, or just a product of
one’s imagination.
 LITERATURE

In PANITIKING PILIPINO written by

Atienza, Ramos, Salazar and Nazal, it says
that “true literature is a piece ofwritten
work which is undying. It expresses the
feelings and emotions of people in response
to his everyday efforts to live, to be happy
in his environment and, after struggles, to
reach his Creator.”
 QUALITIES OF GREAT LITERATURE

1. Artistry- the quality that appeals our sense

of beauty.
2. Intellectual value- the quality that enriches our
mental life by making us realize the
fundamental
truth about life and human nature.
3. Suggestiveness- this is the quality associated with
emotional power of literature.
4. Spiritual value- literature elevates the spirit by
bringing out moral values which make us
 QUALITIES OF GREAT LITERATURE

5. Permanence- a great work of

literature endures.
6. Style- this is the peculiar way in which writer
sees life, form his ideas and express them.
 QUESTION
1

Give one element

ofliterature.
 ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE
1. Subject of literature- any work of
literature is about something, and for this
reason it has subject.
2. Forms of literature- a form is a verbal
and
artistic structuring of ideas, like the sonnet
which contain fourteen lines of iambic
pentameter, others are stanza and rhyme.
3. Point of view of literature- the point of
view is taken to mean the angle of vision of
 TYPES OF LITERATURE

1. Oral literature- literature handed down

from generation by word of mouth.
Examples are riddle, folk song, tales, epics,
ballad, etc.
2. Written literature- hand written, recorded
or printed. Examples are novels, short
stories. Etc.
 QUESTION 2

It is the one of the

category of literature
that is an imaginative
form.
 FORMS OF LITERATURE

1. Fiction- a literary work based of

imagination.
2. Non-fiction- a literary work
that is true.
 QUESTION 3

A literary figure who

offers a value of
judgment or an
interpretation.
 LITERARY FIGURES
1. Authors originate or initiate
2. Critics’ person who offers a value judgment
something
or an interpretation.
3. Dramatist an author of
dramatic compositions
4. Essayist who writes
compositions which
can be about any particular
subject.
 LITERARY FIGURES

6. Novelist writer of a novel

7. Poets are authors of poems
 QUESTION 4

History is not
not part of literature.
 HISTORY AND LITERATURE

Literature and history are closely interrelated.

History can also be written and this too, is
literature. Events that can be written down are
part of true literature. Literature, therefore, is
part of history.
LITERARY COMPOSITIONS THAT HAVE INFLUENCED
THE WORLD.

1. The Bible or the Sacred

Writings
2. Koran
3. The Iliad and the Odyssey
4. The Mahab-harata
5. Canterbury Tales
6. Uncle Tom’s Cabin
LITERARY COMPOSITIONS THAT HAVE INFLUENCED THE
WORLD.

7. The Divine Comedy

8. El Cid Campeador
9. The Song of Roland
10. The Book of the Dead
11. The Book of the Days
12.One Thousand and One Nights or The
Arabian Nights
 QUESTION
5

A genre of literature that does not

adhere to any particular formal
structure not totally rhyming.
 GENRES(DIVISIONS) OF LITERATURE

A.Prose - writing that does not adhere to

any particular formal structure not totally
rhyming.
1) Novels. A long narrative divided into
chapters and events are taken from true-
to-
life stories.
Example: WITHOUT SEEING THE DAWN
by Stevan Javellana
 TYPES OF PROSE

2) Short story. This is a narrative involving one

or more characters, one plot and one single
impression. Example: HOW MY
BROTHER LEON BROUGHT HOME A
WIFE by Manuel Arguilla

3) Plays. This is presented on a stage, is

divided into acts and each act has many
scenes. Example:THIRTEEN PLAYS by
Wilfredo M. Guerrero
 TYPES OF PROSE
PROSE
4) Legends. These are fictitious
narratives, usually about origins. Example:THE
BIKOL LEGEND by Pio Duran
5) Fables. These are also fictitious and they deal
with animals and inanimate things who speak
and act like people and their purpose is to
enlighten the minds of children to events
that
can mold their ways and attitudes.
Example:THE MONKEY AND THE
 TYPES OF PROSE

6) Anecdotes. These are merely products of the

writer’s imagination and the main aim is to bring out
lessons to the reader. Example: THE MOTH
AND THE LAMP
7) Essay. This expresses the viewpoint or opinion of
the writer about a particular problem or event. The
best example of this is the Editorial page of a
newspaper.
 TYPES OF PROSE

8) Biography. This deals with the life of

a person which may be about himself, his
autobiography or that of others.
Example: CAYETANO ARELLANO by
Socorro O. Albert
9) News. This is a report of everyday
events in society, government, science and
industry,
and accidents, happening nationally or not.
 TYPES OF PROSE

10)Oration. This is a formal treatment of

a subject and is intended to be spoken
in public.
 QUESTION
6

A genre of literature which

refers to those expressions in
verse with measure and rhyme,
line and stanza and has more
melodious tone.
 GENRES(DIVISIONS) OF LITERATURE

B. POETRY A genre of literature which refers

to those expressions in verse with measure and
rhyme, line and stanza and has more melodious
tone.
Elements of Poetry
1. Sound- poems use rhyme, rhythm, and
repetition to create sound effects.
 Rhyme is the regular recurrence of
similar
 POETR
Y
The lone dog
Irene Rutherford McLeod

I’m a lean dog, a keen dog, a wild dog and lone;

I’m a rough dog, a tough dog, hunting on my
own; I’m a bad dog, a mad dog, teasing silly
sheep;
I love to sit and bay the moon to keep fat
souls from sleep.
 QUESTION
7

Itis the pattern of

stressed and unstressed
syllables in a poem.
 POETR
Y
 Rhythm is the pattern of stressed
and unstressed syllables in a poem.

ALONG CAME the

DOCtor! ALONG CAME
the NURSE! ALONG
CAME the LAdy!
With BIG FAT PURSE!
 POETRY
 Repetition is the repeated use of a sound,
word, phrase, sentence, rhythmical pattern or
grammatical pattern.
• Alliteration is the repetition of initial
consonant sounds.
Example: over the cobbles, he cluttered and
clashed in
the dark inn yard.
• Consonance is the repetition of internal
consonants sounds
 POETR
Y
•Assonance is the repetition of vowel
sounds. Example: young fuzzy puppy.
•Meter refers to words with regular rhythm.
Example: the sun is shining brightly now.
•Parallelism is the repetition of grammatical
pattern. Example: through the door and up the stairs.
• Onomatopoeia words that sound like what they
mean.
Example: crunch, chirp, roar, etc.
 POETR
Y
2. Shape- poets often play with the shapes of
words on page to suggest meaning.
 POETR
Y
3. Image/imagery is the use of concrete
words or details that appeal to the senses of
light, sound, touch, smell, taste or to internal
feelings.

Apostrophe
Simile Rhetorical question
Metaphor Personification
Allusion
Irony Metonymy
Synecdoche
Hyperbole
 TYPES OF POETRY

A. Narrative Poetry. This form describes important

events in life either real or imaginary.
The different varieties are:

1. Epic. This is an extended narrative about heroic

exploits often under supernatural control.
Example: THE HARVEST SONG OF
ALIGUYON
translated in English by Amador T. Daguio
 TYPES OF POETRY

2. Metrical Tale. This is a narrative which is written

in verse and can be classified either as a ballad or a
metrical romance. Examples: BAYANI NG BUKID
by Al Perez
 QUESTION
8

A narrative poetry that is

the shortest and
simplest.
 TYPES OF POETRY

3. Ballads. Of the narrative poems, this is

considered the shortest and simplest. It has a
simple structure and tells ofa single
incident.
 TYPES OF POETRY

B. Lyric Poetry. Originally, this refers to that kind of

poetry meant to be sung to the accompaniment ofa
lyre, but now, this applies to any type of poetry that
expresses emotions and feelings of the poet.

1. Folksongs (Awiting Bayan). These are short

poems intended to be sung. The common theme
is love, despair, grief, doubt, joy, hope and sorrow.
Example: CHIT-CHIRIT-CHIT
 QUESTION
9

This is a lyrical poem of

14 lines dealing with an
emotion, a feeling, or
an idea.
 TYPES OF POETRY
4.Ode. This is a poem of a noble feeling, expressed
with dignity, with no definite number of syllables or
definite number of lines in a stanza.
5.Psalms (Dalit). This is a song praising God or the
Virgin Mary and containing a philosophy of life.
6. Awit (Song). These have measures of twelve
syllables (dodecasyllabic) and slowly sung to the
accompaniment of a guitar or banduria.
Example: FLORANTE AT LAURA by
Franciso
 TYPES OF POETRY

7. Corridos (Kuridos). These have measures of

eight syllables (octosyllabic) and recited to a martial
beat.
Example: IBONG ADARNA
 QUESTION
10

It comes from the

Greek term “komos”
meaning festivity or
revelry.
 TYPES OF POETRY

C. Dramatic Poetry
1. Comedy. The word comedy comes from the
Greek term “komos” meaning festivity or
revelry.
This form usually is light and written with the
purpose of amusing, and usually has a happy
ending.
 TYPES OF POETRY

2.Melodrama. This is usually used in musical plays

with the opera.
3.Tragedy. This involves the hero struggling mightily
against dynamic forces.
4. Farce. This is an exaggerated comedy.
5.Social Poems. This form is either purely comic or
tragic and it pictures the life of today. It may aim to
bring about changes in the social conditions.
 HISTORY OF LITERATURE

Before 500 B.C., there was almost no written

literature.
Clay tablets, clay and stone were the
first mediums of
the writing arts.
Bronze Age Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
Written literature begins.
The mediums of
papyrus and paints and inks made
writing easier which came into
 HISTORY OF LITERATURE
The Epic of Gilgamesh is one ofthe earliest
known literary works. This Babylonian epic
poem arises from stories in the Sumerian
language. It was most likely composed around
1900 BC. The epic deals with themes of
heroism, friendship, loss, and the quest for
eternal life.
The Medieval literature is a broad subject,
encompassing essentially all written works
available in Europe and beyond during
 HISTORY OF LITERATURE

The Renaissance literature refers to the period in

European literature which began in Italy during
the 15th century and spread around Europe
through the 17th century.
Early Modern literature lasts roughly from 1550 to
1750, spanning the Baroque period and ending
with the Age of Enlightenment and the wars
of the French Revolution.
 HISTORY OF LITERATURE

An Egyptian hieroglyph is a formal writing system

used by the ancient Egyptian
that contained a combination
of logographic and alphabetic
elements.
 HISTORY OF LITERATURE

A logogram, or logograph, is a grapheme which

represents a word or a morpheme (the smallest
meaningful unit of language).
Grapheme is a fundamental unit in a written
language.

“sun” “house” “mountain”

 HISTORY OF LITERATURE
Indian Literature – focuses entirely on religion which
includes ritual. Sanskrit literature begins with the Vedas,
dating back to 1500–1000 BCE, and continues with the
Sanskrit Epics of Iron Age India. The Vedas are among
the oldest sacred texts.

Chinese Literature- Chinese developed the origin of

modern paper making and woodblock printing,
produced one of the world's first print cultures.
 HISTORY OF LITERATURE

Greek and Roman – focuses on political and social

life. Latin Literature – results of unconnected
political event.
Medieval European Literature - adoption of
Christianity as the official Roman religion.
French Literature -greatest literary
manifestation of

this
was lyric poetry.
 HISTORY OF LITERATURE

Philippine literature
• The first alphabet used by our ancestors was similar
to that of the Malayo-Polynesian alphabet.

• Types of literature present in pre-Spanish era

 EPICS
 FOLK SONGS
 EPIGRAMS (SALAWIKAIN).
END