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Register
Register
Register is a high speed storage element, which may be used
for temporary storage of frequently used operands.
Registers hold larger quantities of data than individual flip-
flops.
– Registers are central to the design of modern processors.
– There are different kind of registers.
4-bit Basic Register

CAO Concepts By Abhishek Shukla

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Shift Register

CAO Concepts By Abhishek Shukla

Digital System
An interconnection of digital hardware modules that accomplish
a specific information-processing task which varies in size and
complexity (from a few IC's to complex interconnected and
interacting digital computers)

It uses a modular approach which is constructed from digital

components as registers, decoders, arithmetic elements and control
logic and it is interconnected with common data and control
paths to form a digital computer system.

Digital modules are best defined by the registers they contain and
the operations that are performed on the data stored in them
called as micro-operations.

CAO Concepts By Abhishek Shukla

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Micro-operation
Micro-operation is an elementary operation performed on the information stored
in one or more registers and result of the operation may replace the previous
binary information of a register or may be transferred to another register.
Examples of micro-operations: shift, count, clear, and load.
The internal hardware organization of a digital computer is defined by:
1. The set of registers it contains and their function
2. The sequence of micro-operations performed on the binary information stored in
the registers
3. The control that initiates the sequence of micro-operations
The symbolic notation used to describe the micro-operation transfers among
registers is called a register transfer language.
4. It is a system for expressing in symbolic form the micro-operation sequences among
the registers of a digital module.
5. It is a convenient tool for describing the internal organization of digital computers in
concise and precise manner.
6. It can also be used to facilitate the design process of digital systems.
CAO Concepts By Abhishek Shukla

Register Transfer
Computer Registers are designated by capital letters to denote
the function of the register.

Register has different types as:

1. M[AR] - Memory Address Register (for the memory unit)
2. PC (for program counter)
3. IR (for instruction register)
4. R1 (for processor register)

The individual flip-flops in an n-bit register are numbers in

sequence from 0 through n-1, starting from 0 in the rightmost
position and increasing the numbers toward the left.

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CAO Concepts By Abhishek Shukla

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Bus Transfer
• A group of wires or path that connect several devices register,
I/O Devices, DMA Controller, Memory, etc. to carry the data or
information is called a BUS and the transfer of data through the
buses is called Bus Transfer
• If separate lines are used between each register and all
other registers in the system, the number of wires will
increase
• Common Bus System is a scheme for transferring
information between registers in multiple register
configuration.
• It consists of a set of common lines, one for each bit of a register
for transferring binary information.
• Some control lines or signals are required to select which
register is selected by the bus during a particular register
transfer.

CAO Concepts By Abhishek Shukla

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Bus System for 4 Registers

CAO Concepts By Abhishek Shukla

Three State Bus Buffers

• A bus system can be constructed with three-state gates instead
of multiplexers.
• A three-state gate is a digital circuit that exhibits three states.
– Two of the states are signals equivalent to logic 1 and 0 as in a
conventional gate.
– The third state is a high-impedance state.
• The high-impedance state behaves like an open circuit, which
means that the output is disconnected and does not have a logical
significance.
• Three-state gates may perform any conventional logic, such as
AND or NAND.
• The most commonly used in the design of a bus system is the
buffer gate.

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Bus Line with Three State Buffers

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CAO Concepts By Abhishek Shukla

Memory Transfer
• Transfer of information from a memory word to the outside environment
is called a read operation and transfer of new information to be stored
into the memory is called a write operation.
• A memory word M is selected by the memory address during transfer
which is necessary to specify while writing memory transfer operations by
enclosing the address in ‘[ ]’ following the letter M.
Consider a memory unit that receives the address from a register called
the address register (AR). The data is transferred to another register
called the data register (DR).
• Transfer of information into DR from the memory word M selected by
the address in AR. The read operation is as follows:
Read: DR <- M[AR]
• Transfer of information from register R1 into the memory word M
selected by the address in AR. The write operation is as follows:
Write: M[AR] <- R1
CAO Concepts By Abhishek Shukla