DESKTOP COMPUTING

CHAPTER 2
LEARNING OUTCOME

 Explain the computer evolution

 Identify and explain the computer hardware
 Define system software and identify two types of system software
 Describe the function of operating system
 Explain the purpose of several utility program
 Define data and information
 Discuss the functions common to most database management systems
 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
 WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
A computer is a programmable machine
that receives input, stores and
manipulates data, and provides output in
a useful format.

The evolution of computer classes as

observed by Bell’s Law
 MAINFRAMES

 A mainframe is a large,
expensive, powerful
computer that can handle
hundreds or thousands of
connected users
simultaneously
MINI COMPUTER

 a computer of medium power, more than a

microcomputer but less than a mainframe
 A minicomputer fills the space between the mainframe
and microcomputer, and is smaller than the former but
larger than the latter. Minicomputers are mainly used
as small or mid-range servers operating business and
scientific applications. However, the use of the term
minicomputer has diminished and has merged with
servers.
 A minicomputer may also be called a mid-range
computer.

NOW
 PERSONAL COMPUTERS

 A personal computer can perform all of its input, processing, output, and
storage activities by itself
 Two popular architectures are the PC and the Apple
 Desktop computer
 COMPUTER HARDWARE-INPUT DEVICE

 Input is any data and instructions entered into the memory of a computer
 Instructions can be entered into the computer in the form of programs, commands, and user responses

A program is a series of related instructions that tells a

computer what tasks to perform and how to perform them

Command is an instruction that causes a program to

perform a specific action

A user response is an instruction a user issues by replying to

a question displayed by a program
 WHAT ARE INPUT DEVICES

• Input Device is any hardware component that allows user to enter data and
instructions into a computer.
PROCESSOR

 The processor, also called the central processing

unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic
instructions that operate a computer
 Contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit
(ALU)
 The control unit is the component of the processor
that directs and coordinates most of the operations in
the computer
 The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs
arithmetic, comparison, and other operations
 PROCESSOR

 For every instruction, a

processor repeats a set of four
basic operations, which
comprise a machine cycle
MACHINE CYCLE

 Fetch: The control unit gets the data or

instruction from the memory
 Decode: The control unit will then translate
the required action for the data or instruction
and send it to the ALU
 Execute: The ALU will execute the data and
instruction required through either arithmetic,
comparison or logic operations
 Store: The output from the execution will be
stored in the memory, before being saved
into secondary storage devices
 PROCESSOR

 Most current personal computers

support pipelining
 Processor begins fetching a
second instruction before it
completes the machine cycle for
the first instruction

The processor contains registers, that

temporarily hold data and instructions
 PROCESSOR

 A processor chip generates heat that could cause

the chip to burn up
 Require additional cooling
 Heat sinks
 Liquid cooling technology
 STORAGE

 A storage device is the computer hardware that records and/or retrieves items to and from storage media

Reading is the process

of transferring items
from a storage
medium into memory
Writing is the process
of transferring items
from memory to a
storage medium
STORAGE
 CLOUD STORAGE

 Cloud storage is an Internet service that provides storage to computer users

 Offers additional services such as password, encryption, web services & web applications.
CLOUD STORAGE

-Available for all sizes of users and fee varies depending on the users’ storage
- Ex: 25GB is free, 150GB is rm 5/month, for enterprises: storage on per
GB basis/15cents
 CLOUD STORAGE

 Users subscribe to cloud storage for a variety of reasons:

Access files from any computer

Store large files instantaneously

Allow others to access their files

View time-critical data and images immediately

Store offsite backups

Provide data center functions

 WHAT IS OUTPUT?

 Output is data that has been processed into a useful form

 WHAT IS OUTPUT DEVICE?

 An output device is any type of hardware component that conveys information to one or more people

Speakers,
Display Data
Printers headphones,
devices projectors
and earbuds

Force-
Interactive
feedback game Tactile output
whiteboards
controllers
 OTHER OUTPUT DEVICES

 Other output devices are available for specific uses and applications

Interactive
Data projectors
whiteboards

Force-feedback
game Tactile output
controllers
COMPUTER SOFTWARE

Software, also called a program, tells the computer what tasks to perform
and how to perform them

System Software
• Operating system
• Utility program

Application Software
SYSTEM SOFTWARE

 System software consists of the programs that control or maintain the operations of
the computer and its devices

Operating Utility
systems Programs
OPERATING SYSTEMS

 An operating system (OS) is a set of programs containing instructions that work

together to coordinate all the activities among computer hardware resources
Start and shut
Provide a user Manage Manage
down a
interface programs memory
computer

Establish an
Coordinate Configure Monitor
Internet
tasks devices performance
connection

Provide Automatically Control a Administer

utilities update network security
OPERATING SYSTEMS
 CATEGORIES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

CATEGORY DESCRIPTION
Stand Alone a complete operating system that
works on a desktop computer,
notebook computer, or mobile
computing device

Server/Network organizes and coordinates how

multiple users access and share
resources on a network

Embedded resides on a ROM chip on a

mobile device or consumer
electronic device
 UTILITY PROGRAMS

A utility program is a type of system

software that allows a user to perform Uninstaller Screen saver File manager
maintenance-type tasks

Disk Personal
Disk clean up Back up Anti virus Search utility
defragmenter firewall

File Personal
Back up Image viewer Media Player
compression Disc burning computer
utility
maintenance
UTILITY PROGRAMS
A virus describes a potentially damaging computer
program that affects a computer negatively

A Trojan horse An antivirus

A worm copies
hides within or program
itself repeatedly
looks like a protects a
in memory or
legitimate computer
over a network
program against viruses
 Filters
UTILITY PROGRAMS
are programs that remove or block certain items from being displayed

Web filtering Anti-spam

software programs

Phishing Pop-up
filters blockers
APPLICATION SOFTWARE

 Application software consists of programs designed to make users more

productive and/or assist with personal tasks

To make business activities more efficient

To assist with graphics and multimedia projects

To support home, personal, and educational tasks

To facilitate communications
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
DATABASES, DATA, AND INFORMATION

Database Data Information

• Collection of data • Collection of • Processed data

organized in a manner unprocessed items • Documents
that allows access, • Text • Audio
retrieval, and use of • Numbers • Images
that data • Images • Video
• Audio
• Video
DBMS
 Database software, often called a database management system (DBMS), allows
users to:

Create a computerized Add, modify, and delete

database data

Create forms and

Sort and retrieve data
reports from the data
File Processing Versus
Databases
FILE PROCESSING VERSUS DATABASES
 A DMBS provides a variety of techniques to restore the database to a usable
form in case MANAGEMENT
DATABASE it is damaged or destroyed
SYSTEMS

Backup Log

Recovery Continuous
utility backup