BIOLOGY PROJECT

MADE BY :- SWASTI TYAGI , XII-A , 25

CERTIFICATE
TUBERCULOSIS
(TB)
 index
Introduction
Casual Organism
Mode Of Spread
Symptoms
Statistical Data and Graphical Representation

Remedies
Precautions
Specialist Doctors and Hospitals Associated With Providing Treatment

Yoga Asanas
Case Study
Interview and Questionnaire
Acknowledgement & References
 INTRODUCTION
CASUAL ORGAMISM MODE OF
WHAT IS Tuberculosis(tb)? SPREAD

Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease  Tuberculosis (TB)  TB spreads

through the air
caused by bacteria called Is caused by a when a person
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. with TB of the
Bacterium called lungs or throat
The bacteria usually attack the
coughs,
lungs, but they can also Mycobacterium
sneezes, or
damage other parts of the body. Tuberculosis. talks.
 SYMPTOMS
Symptoms of TB Disease depend
on where in the body the TB
bacteria are growing. TB bacteria
usually grow in the lungs
(pulmonary TB). TB disease in the
lungs may cause symptoms such
as
•a bad cough that lasts 3 weeks or
longer
•pain in the chest
•coughing up blood or sputum
(phlegm from deep inside the
lungs)
Other symptoms of TB disease are
•weakness or fatigue
•weight loss
•no appetite
•chills
•fever
•sweating at night
Symptoms of TB disease in other parts
of the body depend on the area
affected.
People who have latent TB infection
 do not feel sick, do not have any
symptoms, and cannot spread TB to
others.
 Statistical data and graphical representation
+ he World Health Organization (WHO) TB statistics for India for 2019 (the latest available) give an estimated incidence figure of
2.64 million cases. This is a rate of 193 per 100,000 population.
+ The TB incidence is the number of new cases of active TB disease during a certain time period (usually a year).

Estimates of TB Burden (WHO 2019) Number Rate per 100,000 Population

Incidence of TB cases (includes HIV + TB) 2.640 million 193

Incidence (HIV+TB only) 71,000 5.2

Incidence (MDR/RR-TB) 124,000 9.1
Mortality (deaths) (excludes HIV+TB) 436,000 32

Mortality (deaths) (HIV+TB only) 9,500 0.69

Proportion of TB cases with MDR/RR-TB, 2019 2.8%/14%

New Cases/ Previously Treated Cases
 remedies
+ our treatment will depend on your infection.
• If you have latent TB, the doctor will give you medication to kill the bacteria so the
infection doesn’t become active. You might get isoniazid, rifapentine, or rifampin, either
alone or combined. You’ll have to take the drugs for up to 9 months.
• A combination of medicines also treats active TB. The most common are ethambutol,
isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and rifampin. You have to take them for 6 to 12 months.
• If you have drug-resistant TB, your doctor might give you one or more different
medicines. You may have to take them for much longer, up to 30 months, and they can
cause more side effects.
 precautions
+ To help stop the spread of TB:
• If you have a latent infection, take all of your medication so it doesn’t become
active and contagious.
• If you have active TB, limit your contact with other people. Cover your mouth
when you laugh, sneeze, or cough. Wear a surgical mask when you’re around
other people during the first weeks of treatment.
• If you’re traveling to a place where TB is common, avoid spending a lot of time in
crowded places with sick people.
Specialist Doctors and Hospitals Associated With
Providing Treatment

Doctors Hospitals
Dr. Vinod Kumar Mani
MBBS,MD
Senior Consultant-
Pulmonology
Metro Hospitals
Dr. Deepak Talwar Fortis and
MBBS,MD – Pulmonology Hospitals Multispeciality
institute
and critical care
 YOGA asanas
BHASTRIKA PRANAYAMA:-
Also known as Bellows Breathing,
Bhastrika Pranayama strengthens
the diaphragm and lungs, decreases
accumulation of phlegm therein,
increases oxygen and carbon
dioxide exchange in the
bloodstream, and alleviates
inflammation in the throat. Also, it
eliminates panic attacks,
depression, anxiety, and relieves
migraine attacks. You can perform
this yoga pose to cure neurological
and gastric problems as well.
How to do it:
1.To begin, sit comfortably with your
legs crossed.
2.Make sure your eyes are closed and
spine and neck are straight.
3.Keep your hands on the knees and
relax your stomach.
4.Now, inhale deeply and then exhale
with equal attention.
5.Try to feel the positive energy
coming inside while you inhale and
body toxins going out while you
exhale.
6.Keep doing it for approximately 5 to
10 minutes and try to feel both
expansion and contraction of the
 Case study
+A 55 year old Vietnamese male contacts the local health department to
schedule an appointment because he was identified as a close contact to
a person with active TB disease. The nurse confirms that his brother
who lives in the home with him was recently diagnosed with active TB
disease and schedules an appointment for him. He tells the nurse he
understands some English, but prefers to speak Vietnamese.
 QUESTIONNAIRE
1) Which of these actions should the local health department nurse take?
A. Find a qualified interpreter to facilitate the clinician-patient interaction.
B. Ask the patient to bring a family member to the appointment to translate.
C. Ask him to use an app for translation during the interview.
D. Do not consider the language barrier and continue speaking slowly.
2) How is this TST result interpreted?
A. This is a false positive reaction due to prior BCG vaccine.
B. The TST is positive because the cutoff point for recent contacts is 5 mm induration.
C. Interpret the TST as negative because it is less than 10 mm induration which is the cutoff point
for foreign-born individuals.
D. The TST result is unreliable for this patient and should be confirmed with an IGRA test.
3) Which of these actions should the local health department nurse take?
A. Nothing, he probably won’t take treatment anyway.
B. Start him on treatment for TB infection.
C. Wait for susceptibilities from the source case.
D. Collect sputum specimens for AFB.
 QUESTIONNAIRE
4) What should the next course of action be?

A. Explain to the patient that he may be infected with a drug resistant strain of TB.

B. Consult an expert with experience in treating patients exposed to INH resistant TB.

C. Place the patient in respiratory isolation.

D. A and B.

5) Which treatment for TB infection would most likely be recommended for a close contact to a

patient with INH resistant TB?

A. RIF for four months

B. INH for nine months

C. RIPE

D. 3HP

6) What are some potential side effects of RIF?

A. Rash

B. orange discoloration of urine

C. Gastrointestinal symptoms

D. All of the above

 CONCLUSION
+We conclude that tuberculosis infection and disease remain
common in populations characterized by poor housing
conditions, drug use, and HIV infection. Linking a major
medical provider with community-based organizations is an
effective means to provide highly targeted screening services to
a population at serious risk for disease acquisition and
transmission.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my

special thanks of gratitude to
my teacher Savitri Dhiman
Ma’am who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic
Tuberculosis , due to which I
came to know about so many
new things and I am really
thankful to them.
 REFRENCES
 References to websites/research pages used:-
• Web Md :
Tuberculosis (TB): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and P
revention

• Medline Plus : Tuberculosis | TB | TB Test | MedlinePlus

• Mayo Clinic :
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tubercul
THANK YOU