Heaven’s Light is Our Guide

WELCOME TO OUR THESIS PRESENTATION

Department of Civil Engineering

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology
December, 2020
 A Thesis Proposal Presentation on

STUDY ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

OF FLY ASH BRICKS

Supervised by: Prepared by:

DR. TARIF UDDIN AHMED MD. RAKIB ALI

Professor Roll: 1500019

Dept. of Civil Engineering MD. RAJIBUL HASAN

Rajshahi University of
Engineering & TechnologY Roll: 140058
 CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Literature Review
 Materials and apparatus
 Methodology
 Required data for this experimental work.
 Results and discussion
 Conclusions
 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

To find out the mix proportion required for making

bricks so as to achieve the compressive strength like 1st
class brick (25 MPa).
 INTRODUCTION
 Bricks are usually made of clay and the production process of these burnt
clay bricks having numerous disadvantages such as environmental pollution,
air pollution and land pollution.
 To overcome these problems various properties of bricks prepared by using
various materials such as fly ash, gypsum, sand/stone dust, lime and cement.
 In Bangladesh there is a large scope of manufacture fly ash bricks. Presently
it is estimated that over one million cubic feet of fly ash is produced per year
for dumping from thermal power plants alone.
 Fly ash bricks are light weight, low absorption of heat, uniform shape, less
mortar required and high compressive strength compared to clay bricks.
That’s why we select this project to make better compressive strength of fly
ash bricks prepared by using fly ash, gypsum, lime, sand and cement
according to their different mix proportion.
 LITERATURE REVIEW
 Sumathi A. [2015][5] The study was conducted to find the optimum mix percentage of fly ash
brick. However the brick specimen of size 230mm x 110mm x 90mm were cast for different mix
percentage of Fly ash (15 to 50%), Gypsum (2%), Lime (5 to 30%) and Quarry dust (45 to 55%).
Vaishali Sahu and V. Gayathri conducted that fly ash and sludge lime as partial replacement of
cement in mortar. They have also found the relationship to the curing period. They achieved the
maximum strength after 28 days curing was 14 N/mm2.

 Yogesh Gowda [2014][15] An effort for an alternate approach in the manufacturing of brick was
accomplished by using industrial by products like class F fly ash, granite dust and sludge lime as
key ingredientsIn April, 2005 Obada Kayali conducted on “High Performance Bricks from Fly
Ash”. In this research he found the compressive strength of fly ash brick which was 24% better
than good quality of clay bricks.

 Ravi Kumar, Vandana Patyal [2014][13] Efforts has been made to study the behaviour of fly ash
bricks by taking different proportions of fly ash, cement, lime, gypsum and sand. Er. Rinku Kumar
and Er. Naveen Hooda conducted on properties of fly ash brick. The crushing strength of clay
bricks was found to be 8.14 N/mm2 and for fly ash bricks was found to be 18.81 N/mm2.
 MATERIALS & APPARATUS
These materials are used for this experimental work
I. Fly ash
II. Gypsum
III. Cement
IV. Sand
Brick Mould

Fig: Parts of the brick mould Fig: Brick mould

 Testing machine for compaction procedure

Fig: Mechanical universal testing machine Fig: Compression and flexural digital
testing machine
 METHODOLOGY
 Materials test
 Specific gravity test of the materials.
 Fineness modulus test.
 Calculation of percentage proportion of the required materials.
 Mixing of raw materials in a proper way.
 Preparation of mortar blocks in a cement concrete mould in a uniform size of
9.5cm x 4.5cm x 2.75cm.
 Compaction procedure of mortar blocks in two compaction machine.
 Mechanical universal testing machine with a continuous load upto 40kN.
 Digitec concrete compression machine with a instant load of 40kN.
 Curing procedure of the brick sample
 Air curing.
 Water Curing.
 Required data for the experimental work
Specific gravity of sample materials
   
Materials M1 (gm) M2 (gm) M3(gm) M4(gm) G
 
Fly ash 30.26 70.16 101.47 80.63 2.1
Gypsum 142 191.37 664 636 2.31
Sand 28.11 48.11 90.31 77.80 2.67
Cement 30.50 52.27 86.76 70.47 3.14
Lime 148 208 680.4 644 2.54

Fineness modulus of sand

Sieve size (mm) Weight retained Cumulative weight retained Cumulative percentage weight retained
(gm) (gm) (%)
4.75 1 1 0.2
2.36 1 2 0.4
1.18 14 16 3.2  
0.6 160 176 35
0.3 286 462 92.4
0.15 26 488 97.6
Total     228.8
Percentage proportions of required materials (variable fly ash)
           
Proportion No Fly ash Gypsum Sand Cement Water
(%) (%) (%) (%) (ml)

           
80
FA1 5 2 53 20
     
FA2 10 2 53 20 80

       
FA3 15 2 53 20 80

       
80
FA4 20 2 53 20
           
FA5 25 2 53 20 80
 Percentage proportions of required materials (variable sand)
     
Proportion Fly ash Gypsum Sand Cement Water
No (%) (%) (%) (%) (ml)

           
50 2 43 20 80
SA1
     
50 2 48 20 80
SA2
       
50 2 53 20 80
SA3
       
50 2 58 20 80
SA4
         
50 2 63 20 80
SA5
 CALCULATION OF VOLUME OF THE MOLD

Volume of the mould is calculated as below-

Height of the mould = 2.75 cm
Width of the mould = 4.5 cm
Length of the mould = 9.5 cm
Volume of the mould = (2.75 X 4.5 X 9.5) cm3 = 117.56 cm3
= 117.56 / 1003 m3 = 1.175 X 10-4 m3
= (1.175 X 10-4 X 3.283) ft3 = 0.004 ft3
WEIGHT OF MATERIALS ( FOR FA-1)

The weight of different materials used to construct a fly ash brick are given below
Fly ash = 5% = (0.05 × 0.004) = 0.0002 ft3
= (0.0002 × 2.1 × 62.4) = 0.0262 lb =0.0262 × 0.4536 = 0.1189 kg ≈ 12gm
Gypsum = 2% = (0.02× 0.004)×2.31×62.4×0.4536 =5.23 gm ≈ 6 gm
Cement = 20% = (0.20× 0.004) ×3.14×62.4×0.4536 =71.10 gm ≈ 72 gm
Sand =53% = (0.53 × 0.004)×2.67×62.4×0.4536 =160.22 gm ≈ 161 gm
 Weight of materials for different proportion (Variable Fly Ash)
     
Proportion Fly ash Gypsum Sand Cement Water
No (gm) (gm) (gm) (gm) (ml)

           
FA1 12 6 161 72 80
       
FA2 24 6 161 72 80
         
FA3 36 6 161 72 80

         
FA4 48 6 161 72 80
         
FA5 60 6 161 72 80
WEIGHT OF MATERIALS ( FOR SA-1)

The weight of different materials used to construct a fly ash brick are given
below
Fly Ash were found to be 50% for 25 Mpa from the previous experiment where
Fly ash was variable.
Fly Ash = 50% =( 0.5×0.004)×2.1×62.4×0.4536= 118.87 gm ≈ 119 gm
Gypsum= 2% = 6 gm
Cement = 20% =72 gm
Sand SA1 = (43%) =( 0.43×0004)×2.67×62.4×0.4536= 130 gm
 Weight of materials for different proportion ( Variable sand )

           
Proportion Fly ash Gypsum Sand Cement Water
No (gm) (gm) (gm) (gm) (ml)

           
SA1 119 6 130 72 80
         
SA2 119 6 146 72 80
         
SA3 119 6 161 72 80
         
SA4 119 6 176 72 80
         
SA5 119 6 191 72 80
SAMPLE BRICKS
 TESTING PROCEDURE FOR COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

The maximum loading capacity of the machine (C055D concrete compression) is 2000 kN.
For determination of compression of strength, the specimen of various types of bricks were
placed on the lower platform of the testing machine. The compressive load (kN) and
compressive strength (MPa) were recorded at the screen of the machine.
 EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND GRAPHS
DATA AND GRAPHS CORRESPONDING TO FLY ASH VARIABLE
AIR CURING

Compressive strength results for variable Fly Ash ( Air curing, 7 days)
50
Failure Average
f(x) = − 0.6596 x + 58.146
Proportio Load Compressive Compressive 45
n Brick (KN) Strength Strength
No No (MPa) (MPa)

Compressive strength ( Mpa)

  40
1A7 203.16 47.52
FA1 2B7 203.10 47.51 47.51
35
3C7 203.04 47.49
  4A7 195.12 45.64 30
FA2 5B7 195.06 45.63 45.63 50.25%
6C7 195.00 45.61 25
  7A7 178.44 41.74
FA3 8B7 178.39 41.73 41.73 20

9C7 178.34 41.72

15
  10A7 167.41 39.16 10 20 30 40 50 60
FA4 11B7 167.36 39.15 39.15
Fly ash content ( %)
12C7 167.31 39.14
  13A7 165.11 38.62
FA5 14B7 165.05 38.61 38.61 Fig-Variation of compressive strength (Mpa)with respect to
15C7 164.99 38.59
fly ash content(%)
 DATA AND GRAPHS CORRESPONDING TO FLY ASH VARIABLE
AIR CURING

Compressive strength results for variable Fly Ash ( Air curing, 14 days)

55
Failure Average
Proporti Load Compressive Compressive 50 f(x) = − 0.8156 x + 63.988
on Brick (KN) Strength Strength

Compressive strength ( Mpa)

No No (MPa) (MPa) 45
  1A14 218.65 51.14
FA1 51.14
40
2B14 218.62 51.13
3C14 218.59 51.13 35
  4A14 212.55 49.72
FA2 30
5B14 212.51 49.70 49.71 47.80%
6C14 195.55 49.70 25
  7A14 195.58 45.74 20
FA3 45.75
8B14 195.61 45.74
15
9C14 178.84 45.75 10 20 30 40 50 60
  10A14 178.90 41.83 Fly ash content ( %)
FA4 41.85
11B14 178.96 41.84
12C14 167.51 41.86
  13A14 167.51 39.18
FA5
14B14 167.53 39.18 39.19
Fig 5.2 Variation of compressive strength (Mpa) with
15C14 167.55 39.19 respect to fly ash content (%)
 DATA AND GRAPHS CORRESPONDING TO FLY ASH VARIABLE
AIR CURING

Compressive strength results for variable Fly Ash ( Air curing, 28 days)
60
Average
Failure Compressive Compressive 55
Proportion Load Strength Strength 50
f(x) = − 0.805 x + 65.589
no. Brick no. (KN) (MPa) (MPa)

Compressive strength ( Mpa)

  1A28 230.10 53.82 45
FA1 2B28 230.03 53.80 53.81 40
3C28 229.96 53.79
35
  4A28 222.37 52.01
FA2 5B28 222.34 52.00 52.01 30 50.42%
6C28 222.31 52.00 25
  7A28 203.71 47.65
FA3 8B28 203.78 47.66 47.67 20

9C28 203.85 47.68 15

10 20 30 40 50 60
  10A28 187.76 43.92
FA4 11B28 187.71 43.90 43.91
Fly ash content ( %)

12C28 187.66 43.89

  13A28 177.81 41.59
FA5 14B28 177.88 41.60 41.61 Fig 5.3 Variation of compressive strength (Mpa) with
15C28 177.97 41.63
         
respect to fly ash content (%)
 DATA AND GRAPHS CORRESPONDING TO FLY ASH VARIABLE
WATER CURING
Compressive strength results for variable Fly Ash ( Water curing, 7 days )

50
Average
Failure Compressiv Compressive f(x) = − 0.6324 x + 58.24
Proporti Brick Load e strength strength 45
on no no (KN) (MPa) (MPa)
  1A7 205.68 48.11 40

Compressive strength ( Mpa)

FA1 48.10
2B7 205.62 48.09
3C7 205.56 48.08 35
  4A7 197.85 46.28
FA2 46.27 30
5B7 197.80 46.27
52.56%
6C7 197.75 46.26
25
  7A7 180.19 42.15
FA3 42.13
8B7 180.10 42.13 20
9C7 180.01 42.11
  10A7 172.93 40.45 15
FA4 40.45 10 20 30 40 50 60
11B7 172.92 40.44
Fly ash content ( %)
12C7 172.91 40.44
  13A7 165.51 38.71
FA5
14B7 165.48 38.71 38.71 Fig-Variation of compressive strength (Mpa) with respect to
15C7 165.45 38.70
fly ash content (%)
 
 DATA AND GRAPHS CORRESPONDING TO FLY ASH VARIABLE
WATER CURING

Compressive strength results for variable Fly Ash ( Water curing, 14 days)
55
Average
Failure Compressive Compressive 50
f(x) = − 0.816 x + 64.808
Proportio Brick Load strength strength
n no no (KN) (MPa) (MPa)
45
  1A14 222.89 52.13

Compressive strength ( Mpa)

FA1
2B14 222.85 52.12 52.13 40

3C14 222.81 52.11

35
  4A14 215.77 50.47
FA2
5B14 215.76 50.47 50.47 30 48.78%
6C14 215.75 50.46
  7A14 197.49 46.19
25
FA3
8B14 197.46 46.18 46.19 20
9C14 197.43 46.18
  10A14 183.42 42.90 15
10 20 30 40 50 60
FA4
11B14 183.44 42.91 42.91 Fly ash content ( %)
12C14 183.46 42.91
  13A14 171.49 40.11
FA5
14B14 171.42 40.09 40.10 Fig-Variation of compressive strength (Mpa) with respect
15C14 171.35 40.08 to fly ash content (%)
 DATA AND GRAPHS CORRESPONDING TO FLY ASH VARIABLE
WATER CURING

Compressive strength results for variable Fly Ash ( Water curing, 28 days)
60
Average
Failure Compressive Compressive 55
Proportion Brick Load Strength Strength f(x) = − 0.8196 x + 66.664
50
No. No. (KN) (MPa) (MPa)

Compressive strength ( Mpa)

  1A28 234.45 54.84 45
FA1 54.86
2B28 234.52 54.85 40
3C28 234.59 54.87
  35
4A28 223.66 52.31
FA2 52.31 50.83%
5B28 223.62 52.30 30

6C28 223.58 52.29 25

  7A28 205.63 48.10
FA3 48.10
20
8B28 205.62 48.09
205.61 48.09 15
9C28 10 20 30 40 50 60
  10A28 188.99 44.20 Fly ash content ( %)
FA4 44.21
11B28 188.98 44.20
12C28 188.97 44.20
  13A28 181.13 42.36
FA5
14B28 181.04 42.34 42.35 Fig-Variation of compressive strength (Mpa) with respect
15C28 180.95 42.32 to fly ash content (%)
 DATA AND GRAPHS CORRESPONDING TO SAND VARIABLE
AIR CURING

Table 5.7 Compressive strength results for variable Sand ( Air curing, 7 days)

Failure Average 31
Proporti Load Compressive Compressive
on Brick (KN) Strength Strength 29

Compressive strength ( Mpa)

No No (MPa) (MPa)
  1A7 96.65 22.61 27
SA1 2B7 95.60 22.36 22.65 37.18%
25 f(x) = − 0.2196 x + 33.1648
3C7 97.70 22.85
  4A7 104.09 24.35 23
SA2 5B7 106.05 24.81 24.35
21
6C7 102.13 23.89
  7A7 90.97 21.28 19
SA3 8B7 88.95 20.81 21.28
17
9C7 92.99 21.75
  10A7 85.62 20.02 15
SA4 11B7 83.60 19.55 20.03 30 40 50 60 70
12C7 87.64 20.50 Sand content ( %)
  13A7 82.59 19.31
SA5 14B7 78.54 18.37 19.32
15C7 86.64 20.26 Fig 5.7 Variation of compressive strength (Mpa) with
respect to sand content (%)
 DATA AND GRAPHS CORRESPONDING TO SAND VARIABLE
AIR CURING
Table 5.8 Compressive strength results for variable Sand ( Air curing, 14 days)

Failure Average 31
Proporti Load Compressive Compressive
29
on Brick (KN) Strength Strength

Compressive strength ( Mpa)

No No (MPa) (MPa) 27
  1A14 101.06 23.64 f(x) = − 0.2242 41.21 %
x + 34.2406
SA1 25
2B14 102.12 23.88 23.89
3C14 103.18 24.13 23
  4A14 105.29 24.62 21
SA2 5B14 104.25 24.38 24.63
6C14 106.34 24.87 19
  7A14 93.14 21.78 17
SA3 8B14 95.12 22.25 22.25
15
9C14 97.08 22.71 30 40 50 60 70
  10A14 89.10 20.83 Sand content ( %)
SA4 11B14 90.15 21.08 20.84
12C14 88.05 20.59
  13A14 86.31 20.17
SA5 14B14 84.37 19.73 20.18
15C14 88.25 20.64 Fig 5.8 Variation of compressive strength (Mpa) with
respect to sand content (%)
 DATA AND GRAPHS CORRESPONDING TO SAND VARIABLE
AIR CURING

Table 5.9 Compressive strength results for variable Sand ( Air curing, 28 days)

Average
Failure Compressive Compressive 31
Proportion Load Strength Strength
no. Brick no. (KN) (MPa) (MPa) 29
 

Compressive strength ( Mpa)

1A28 93.70 21.92 27
SA1 2B28 102.38 23.95 23.95 f(x) = − 0.2256 41.45 %
x + 34.3528
25
3C28 111.02 25.97
  4A28 87.63 20.50 23
SA2 5B28 105.37 24.65 24.65 21
6C28 123.12 28.80 19
  7A28 112.21 26.25
SA3 8B28 95.42 22.32 22.32
17

9C28 78.61 18.39 15

30 40 50 60 70
  10A28 97.42 22.79
SA4 Sand content ( %)
11B28 89.13 20.85 20.85
12C28 80.84 18.91
  13A28 82.29 19.25 Fig 5.9 Variation of compressive strength (Mpa)
SA5 14B28 86.39 20.21 20.21 with respect to sand content (%)
15C28 90.50 21.17
 DATA AND GRAPHS CORRESPONDING TO SAND VARIABLE
WATER CURING

Compressive strength results for variable Sand ( Water curing, 7 days )

31

Average 29
Failure Compressiv Compressive
Proporti Brick Load e strength strength 27

Compressive strength ( Mpa)

on no no (KN) (MPa) (MPa) 38.56 %
  25 f(x) = − 0.1922 x + 32.4126
1A7 98.83 23.11
SA1 2B7 99.85 23.35 23.12
23
3C7 97.81 22.87
  4A7 105.76 24.74 21
SA2 5B7 104.78 24.50 24.51
19
6C7 103.80 24.28
  7A7 93.65 21.91 17
SA3 8B7 94.69 22.14 22.15
15
9C7 95.73 22.39 30 40 50 60 70
  10A7 90.20 21.09 Sand content ( %)
SA4 11B7 92.17 21.55 21.56
12C7 94.14 22.02
 
SA5
13A7 85.65 20.03 Fig-Variation of compressive strength (Mpa) with
14B7 84.60 19.78 19.79
15C7 83.55 19.54 respect to sand content (%)
 DATA AND GRAPHS CORRESPONDING TO SAND VARIABLE
WATER CURING
Table 5.11 Compressive strength results for variable Sand ( Water curing, 14 days)

Compres Average
Propo Failure sive Compressive 31
rtion Brick Load strength strength 29
no no (KN) (MPa) (MPa)

Compressive strength ( Mpa)

  1A14 101.91 23.83 27
SA1 f(x) = − 0.1866 x + 32.9738
2B14 100.25 23.45 24.04 25 42.73 %
3C14 106.19 24.84 23
  4A14 105.92 24.77
SA2 5B14 108.61 25.40 25.41 21

6C14 112.09 26.22 19

  7A14 97.71 22.85 17
SA3 8B14 96.74 22.63 22.63
15
9C14 98.77 23.10 30 40 50 60 70
  10A14 92.37 21.60 Sand content ( %)
SA4 11B14 97.89 22.89 22.52
12C14 98.61 23.06
  13A14 94.46 22.09
SA5 14B14 85.07 19.89 20.82
Fig 5.11 Variation of compressive strength (Mpa) with
15C14 87.59 20.48 respect to sand content (%)
 DATA AND GRAPHS CORRESPONDING TO SAND VARIABLE
WATER CURING
Table 5.12 Compressive strength results for variable Sand ( Water curing, 28 days)

Average 31
Failure Compressive Compressive
29
Proportion Brick Load Strength Strength

Compressive strength ( Mpa)

No. No. (KN) (MPa) (MPa) 27
  1A28 86.52 20.24 f(x) = − 0.189 x +43.08
33.143%
SA1 25
2B28 103.11 24.12 24.12
23
3C28 119.70 28.00
  4A28 112.90 26.41 21
SA2 5B28 108.84 25.46 25.46 19
6C28 104.78 24.51
17
  7A28 109.44 25.60
SA3 8B28 96.82 22.65 22.65 15
30 40 50 60 70
9C28 84.21 19.70
Sand content ( %)
  10A28 105.12 24.59
SA4 11B28 96.40 22.55 22.55
12C28 87.68 20.51
  13A28 80.32 18.79 Fig 5.12 Variation of compressive strength (Mpa) with
SA5 14B28 89.13 20.85 20.85 respect to sand content (%)
15C28 97.94 22.91
 CALCULATIONS

From graphs mentioned above,

Average fly ash content is-
(50.25+52.56+47.80+48.78+50.42+50.83)/ 6
≈ 50%
Average sand content is-
(37.18+38.56+41.21+42.73+41.45+43.08)/6
≈ 40%
 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The optimized proportion of fly ash brick for compressive strength 25 Mpa is-

Serial no. Ingredients Percentage (%)

1 Fly Ash 50%
2 Cement 20%
3 Sand 40%
4 Gypsum 2%
 CONCLUSIONS
Fly ash bricks use 50% of fly ash but without using of clay. The
mechanical properties of the fly ash bricks have exceeded that those of
conventional brick. The study suggests that the fly ash from chemical
industry ash/ Electrostatic Precipitators can be effectively used for
manufacturing of bricks.
Using of fly ash in to manufacturing of brick, helps in minimization of
the waste also this method will help to conserve natural resource like air,
water, soil. Fly ash is not only to enhance the mechanical properties of
brick but the addition of polymer and lime correlate their gape of
strength and their use in helping to reduce environmental pollution and
save energy.Because of uniformity of the fly ash bricks the quality of
construction is improved.
Cont…
When variable is fly ash both air and water curing for 7, 14 and 28 days, the
maximum compressive strength in water curing is more than air curing. In our
study, it is clearly noticeable that the cases where strength increases such as
water curing than air curing and curing time(days) , more fly ash content in the
mix shows our required strength 25 Mpa. So we found fly ash content for
water curing is more than that of air curing.

When variable is sand, both air and water curing for 7, 14 and 28 days, the
maximum compressive strength in water curing is more than air curing. In our
study, it is clearly noticeable that the cases where strength increases such as
water curing than air curing and curing time(days) , more fly ash content in the
mix shows our required strength 25 Mpa. So we found sand content for water
curing is more than that of air curing.
REFERENCES

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[10] Nitin S. Naik “Strength and Durability of Fly Ash, Cement and Gypsum Bricks”, IJCER, Vol.
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THANK YOU ALL