TOPIC:

UTILIZATION OF VITRIFIED TILES AS A

PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE
AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE PRODUCTION
UBAGU JOSEPH
FPT/KND/SET/CET/HND/0359

AUGUST 2023.
ABSTRACT

• As a result of concern regarding sustainability in concrete materials,

so many researches have sought for replacement (partial or full) of
aggregates. Efforts have been made to partially replace fine aggregate
with waste tiles, prepared as fine the replacement vary in (0%, 5%,
10%, 15%, and 20%). A mix ratio of 1:2:4 was adopted. A total of 45
cubes (100mmx100mmx100mm) were prepared cast and crushed.
The cubes were subjected to compressive strength, water absorption
and slump test. The result achieved indicates that a decrease in
strength as percentage of tiles replacement increases. Overall it could
be observed that waste tiles prepared as fine can be convenient
replaced up to 10% in concrete production. Also recommends that
vitrified waste tiles can be used as an alternative construction
material for fine aggregate.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
• Concrete is one of the key construction materials worldwide. Large
amount of concrete is being used in construction industry. Use of concrete
implies use of cement, fines and coarse aggregate as well. Aggregate is key
ingredient in terms of strength and volume in concrete. Aggregate is non-
renewable natural resource. The resources in our country are being
overexploited and the natural stock is decreasing at an alarming rate. Use
of waste tile aggregate as replacement for fine aggregate helps to reduce
overexploitation as well as manage the waste. The amount of tile waste on
earth is enough for use as an aggregate in concrete. Tile is produced from
natural materials sintered at high temperatures. There are no harmful
chemicals in tile. Waste tiles cause only the apparition of pollution.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
• One of the major challenges facing delivery of large number of
development project is the incessant increases in the process of
building material including cement and aggregate. The cost of
concrete depends primarily on two factors, namely: cost of material
and cost of labour.
• Labour cost can be by way of from work, batching, mixing,
transporting and curing. This is nearly same for both good and bad
concrete, therefore attention should be mainly be directed to the cost
of material, particularly the cost of aggregate (Acheunu 1991).
Aim and objective
Aim:
• This project work is aimed to replace fine aggregate
with waste tiles in concrete production and assess the
properties of concrete made with vitrified waste tiles
as fine aggregates this is with a view to establishing its
suitability for use in the production of concrete.

Objectives
• 1. Develop a suitable mix proportion
• 2. Determine mechanical properties of mixes
Scope and limitation
• Scope:This project work is to determine
the suitability of vitrified waste tiles as a
partial replacement for fine aggregate in
concrete production with varying
percentage of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and
20%. The mixing ratio used was 1:2:4 the
test that carried out are sieve analysis,
slump test, compressive strength test and
water absorption test.
METHODOLOGY
 Materials used for the research include: Ordinary Portland cement,
Fine aggregate, Coarse aggregate, vitrified tiles, Water,
 Sieve analysis
 Specific gravity test
 Slump test
 Compressive strength
 These practicals has been conducted in 0%, 5%, 10% , 15% and 20%,
of waste tiles was used to replace fine aggregate in producing the
concrete cubes. The mix ratio used was (1:2:4) to produce 45 cubes
with dimension 100mmx100mmx100mm. Water of drinkable quality
was used for the mixing of concrete.
MIX DESIGN 1:2:4
Percentage % Cement kg Waste tiles kg Fine aggregate kg Coarse aggregate kg Water kg

0 3.09 0 6.19 12.34 1.85

5 3.09 0.31 5.86 12.34 1.85

10 3.09 0.62 5.55 12.34 1.85

15 3.09 0.93 5.24 12.34 1.85

20 3.09 1.23 4.94 12.34 1.85

15.45 3.09 27.78 61.7 9.25

Total
SIEVE ANALYSIS FOR COARSE AGGREGATE
% passing (%)
S/N Sieve Size(mm) Mass Retained(g) % of mass retained Cumulating %

(%)
73
1 20.00 130 13.00 13
27
2 11.85 600 60.00 73
12
3 10.85 150 15.00 88
5
4 10.00 70 7.00 95
2
5 9.85 30 3.00 98
0
6 8.0 20 2.00 100
0
7 5.00 0 0 0
0
8 Pan 0 0 0

1000g
 SIEVE ANALYSIS FOR COARSE AGGREGATE
100

10
% passing

0.1 sieve number

0 5 10 15 20 25
 Sieve analysis for vitrified waste tiles
Sieve (mm) Mass of retained on each sieve (g) Percentage of mass retained (%) Cumulative percentage (%) Percentage passing (%)

6.3 0 0 0 100

5.0 0 0 0 100

4.76 0 0 0 100

4.0 5 1 1 99

2.80 10 2 3 97

2.50 10 2 5 95

2.00 15 3 8 92

1.00 100 20 28 72

0.63 160 32 60 40

Pan 200 40 100 0

500g
Sieve Analysis Graph For Vitrified Tiles
92 95 97 99 100 100 100
100
Chart Title
72

10
% passing

0.1 sieve number(MM)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
 SIEVE ANALYSIS FOR FINE AGGREGATE
Sieve (mm) Mass of retained on each Percentage of mass Cumulative percentage (%) Percentage passing (%)

sieve (g) retained (%)

6.3 0 0 0 100

5.0 0 0 0 100

4.76 0 0 0 100

4.0 5 1 1 99

2.80 20 4 5 95

2.50 30 6 11 89

2.00 15 3 14 86

1.00 100 20 34 66

0.63 180 36 70 30

Pan 150 30 100 0

500g
 SIEVE ANALYSIS FOR FINE
AGGREGATE
100 86 89 95 99 100 100 100

66

30
percentage passing

10

1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

seive number
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WATER ABSORPTION TABLE
DATA (G) TILES SAND GRAVEL

Weight of pyconometer + sample after 819.8 981.3

drying 350

296.7

S.G 2.48 2.67 2.61

Water Absorption 3.5 1.12 0.71

Discussion for Sieve Analysis
• As shown in the above results of fine aggregate and vitrified tiles
respectively, the obtained result where plotted on semi-log graph
from curves displayed, the table for fine aggregate and vitrified fine
aggregate shows the fineness of modulus 2.35 and 2.05 respectively
which is declared okay based on (IS-383-1970) which states that
fineness modulus of aggregate varies from 2.0-2.5.
• The results implies that the aggregate sizes used for this project are
within the range of size required for workable and durable concrete.
DISCUSSION FOR S.G AND WATER ABSORPTION
• 4.3 Specific Gravity Discussion
• The specific gravity of aggregate plays crucial roles in the mix design and assessing
the quality and suitability of aggregate in concrete production. From the above table
vitrified tiles has a lower specific gravity compare to river sand. Specific gravity
influences the density of concrete produced. Vitrified fine aggregate concrete was
expected to have a lower density. Vitrified fine aggregate had a lower specific gravity
of 2.48 compared to 2.67 of river sand. Specific gravity affects density therefore
concrete produced and the density of vitrified was expected to reduce in strength.
•
• 4.3 Water Absorption Test
• Water absorption teat measures the amount of water absorbed by fine and waste
tiles indicating the porosity and its ability to resist moisture. From table 4. It was
observed that vitrified tiles absorb 3 times the amount of water absorbed by river
sand thereby reducing the workability.
 SLUMP TEST RESULT (1:2:4)

S/N Different percentage of waste tiles Form of slump Height of slump (mm)

1 0 True 45

2 5 True 32

3 10 True 26

4 15 True 23

5 20 True 21
Discussion of Slump Test

• From the table 4.6and figure4.3 above, it was shown that the slump
are true slump and they are decrease in slump as the percentage
increases. This gives an indication of the water absorption which
affects the workability of the concrete. The porous nature of vitrified
waste aggregate results in high water absorption leading to low
workability. Aggregate should be brought to saturated dry condition
before mixing process by addition of required amount of water BS
1881-125 (2003).
SLUMP GRAPH
50
45
45

40

35
32

30
26
Slump (mm)

25 23
21
20

15

10

0
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
% replacement
 0% COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Compressive age of cube Area of cube () Crushing load (KN) C0mpressive strength (N/) Average compressive

strength (N/)

7 10000 120 12 11.1

7 10000 110 11

7 10000 104 10.4

14 10000 120 12 13.2

14 10000 120 12

14 10000 156 15.6

28 10000 124 14.8 15.1

28 10000 140 14

28 10000 164 16.4

 5% COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Age of curing Area of cube () Crushing load (KN) Compressive Strength (N/) Average Compressive

Strength (N/

7 10000 100 10 10

7 10000 100 10

7 10000 100 10

14 10000 120 12 12.6

14 10000 128 12.8

14 10000 130 13

28 10000 150 15 15.05

28 10000 141 14.1

28 10000 160 16
10% COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Age of curing Area of cube () Crushing load (KN) Compressive Strength (N/) Average Compressive

Strength (N)

7 10000 96 9.6 10.3

7 10000 92 9.2

7 10000 122 12.2

14 10000 130 13 12.4

14 10000 104 10.4

14 10000 140 14

28 10000 149 14.9 15

28 10000 148 14.8

28 10000 160 16
15% compressive strength
Age of curing Area of Cube ( Crushing Load (KN) Compressive Strength (N/) Average Compressive

Strength (N/)

7 10000 100 10 10.1

7 10000 103 10.3

7 10000 100 10

14 10000 121 12.1 12

14 10000 120 12

14 10000 119 11.9

28 10000 140 14.0 14

28 10000 148 14.8

28 10000 132 13.2

20% COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Age of curing Area of Cube () Crushing Load Compressive Strength (N/) Average Compressive

(KN) Strength (N/)

7 10000 90 9.0 9.0

7 10000 89 8.9

7 10000 91 9.1

14 10000 120 12.0 11.0

14 10000 119 11.9

14 10000 121 12.1

28 10000 135 135 13.5

28 10000 140 14

28 10000 130 13
 7days compressive strength
7days compressive strength
12

11.1

10.3
10 10 10.1

8
compressive strength

0
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

% replacement
 14 days compressive strength

14days compressive strength

13.5

13.2
13

12.6
12.5
12.4

12 12
compressive strength

11.5

11 11

10.5

10

9.5
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

% replacement
28DAYS COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

28 Days Compressive Strength

15.5

15.1 15.06
15
15
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH(N/mm2)

14.5

14
14

13.5
13.5

13

12.5
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

% REPLACEMENT
 Discussion Compressive Strength
• Presented in fig. 4.4, 4.5, and 4.6 are the 7th days, 14days and 28days
compressive strength plot respectively. The result in all the plot indicates
similar behavior. The compressive strength decreases with increase in
waste tiles. This could be as a result of the water losses due to high water
absorption of the waste tiles. This is in agreement presented in table 4.6.
The losses of water affects the hydration reaction of concrete not enough
water will be available to conveniently promote hydration process. By the
end of the day it was observed that concrete produced with replacement
of 5% and 10% had compressive strength of 15.06N/ and 15.0N/
respectively. Which can serve as conventional concrete produced with
grade M15. But higher replacement showed decrease in strength.
CONCLUSION

• 1. The test results show clearly that the vitrified tile waste can be
used as replacement materials for river sand in concrete.
• 2. A decrease in slump was detected as the percentage of
replacement increases since vitrified tiles has high water absorption.
• 3. The compressive strength of concrete slightly decreases with the
increases of percentage of vitrified Waste Fine Aggregate.
• 4. The concrete with 5% and 10% replacement satisfies the
compressive strength of M15 grade however higher the percentage
addition of vitrified waste reduces the strength of normal concrete.
RECOMMENDATION
• 1. Waste vitrified tile aggregate can be used in construction industry. For this 5 to
10 percentage replacement of natural aggregate by waste vitrified tiles was
preferable.
• 2. The use of vitrified waste in concrete is an effective way to reducing the costs
of concrete and keeping the environment clean through efficient management of
waste and decrease in the use of normal fine aggregate in concrete production.
• 3. The results of the study generally demonstrated that partial replacement of
fine aggregate with vitrified waste is economical. Since the quantity of the
expensive sand (fine aggregate) can be reduced up to 10% replacement level and
considering the fact that vitrified waste is usually disposed off and can be
obtained at little or no cost in comparison with sand, cost of concrete production
can be relatively reduced using this waste.