DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SATHYABAMA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)
INFLUENCE OF INJECTION TIMING ON VCR DIESEL
ENGINE CHARACTERISTICS USING SAFFLOWER OIL
 WITH ANTIOXIDANT AO1202
PROJECT CARRIED OUT BY:
ABDUL REHMAN (38150002)
BHARAT.D (38150020)

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF:

Mr.S.Ganesan
Asst.Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
ABSTRACT

-The present work is aimed to analyse the injection timing on VCR engine.
-Biodiesel offers the best energy alternative in the modern world.
-The study compares to change the injection timing& the effect of
biodiesel(safflower oil) and antioxidant Ao1202 when it mixed with diesel.
-Through the process of esterification.
-The purpose of esterification is to check the viscosity of biodiesel.
-Then we have to prepare 4 samples S1 out of 1ltr diesel we take 900ml diesel
and 100ml biodiesel,S2 out of 1ltr diesel we take 800ml diesel and 200ml bio
diesel, S3 out of 1ltr we take 750ml of diesel and 250ml of biodiesel, S4 out of
1ltr we take 700ml of diesel and 300ml of bio diesel.
-To change the injection time at 21*C,22*C&23*C.
-And then we will compare all 4 sample reading with diesel.
-We already have setup diesel reading then we will compare.
OBJECTIVE
The main object of the project is to
• Increase the performance of the engine
• Decrease the emissions from the engine
• Comparison of results from diesel and biodiesel
 METHODOLOGY
- First we proceed through with esterification.
- The purpose of esterification is to check the viscosity. Viscosity of diesel is 2.8 to 3.2.
- Viscosity of safflower oil is higher then diesel if we mix oil with bio diesel it will not possible to mix with
biodiesel with the help of esterification we will mix the oil with diesel.
- we are going to splite the molecule through this process we will heat the raw oil at 60*C for 2hrs.
- Then we have to check the properties viscosity, flash point, fire point , calorific value if it is similar to diesel
no problem.
- If it is not similar then we have to go for trans esterification.
- In this we are going to increase the molar ratio by mixing ethanal then it is easy to mix fuel with diesel.
- With help of catalyst NOH, NaOH, KOH ,CH3OH we are going to heat. Once properties is similar to diesel.
- Then we have to prepare 4 samples S1 out of 1ltr diesel we take 900ml diesel and 100ml biodiesel,S2 out
of 1ltr diesel we take 800ml diesel and 200ml bio diesel, S3 out of 1ltr we take 750ml of diesel and 250ml
of biodiesel, S4 out of 1ltr we take 700ml of diesel and 300ml of bio diesel.
- Injection time to be change 21*C,22*C&23*C.
- Because bio diesel is suitable upto 30% b/w 20% to 30% it will give good yield.
- Then we will compare all 4 sample reading with diesel we already have setup diesel reading then we will
compare.
MATERIALS
• Safflower oil

• Antioxidant Ao1202

• Diesel
 SAFFLOWER OIL

• Safflower, Carthamus tinctorius, is a highly branched, herbaceous, 

thistle-like annual plant in the sunflower family Asteraceae. It is
commercially cultivated for vegetable oil extracted from the seeds
 and was used by the early Spanish colonies along the Rio Grande as a
substitute for saffron.[2] Plants are 30 to 150 cm (12 to 59 in) tall with
globular flower heads having yellow, orange, or red flowers. Each
branch will usually have from one to five flower heads containing 15
to 20 seeds per head. Safflower is native to arid environments having 
seasonal rain. It grows a deep taproot which enables it to thrive in
such environments.
ANTIOXIDENT Ao1202
• By 2020, the EU aims to have 10% of the transport fuel of every EU
country come from renewable sources such as biofuels. This is to help
to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. For biofuels to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions without adversely affecting the
environment or social sustainability, they must be produced in a
sustainable way and must comply to strict specification.
For unblended FAME (fatty acid methyl esters) diesel fuel as well as
for certain higher level Biodiesel blends, the European diesel fuel
specification must meet EN 14214 and must exhibit a minimum
oxidation stability.
LITERATURE SURVEY
YEAR&AUTHOR TITLE & JOURNAL NAME DESCRIPTION
In this experiment for diesel fuel, advancement
in injection timing results in lower carbon monoxide
Influence of injection timing on the performance (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emission; though it
2015
and emissions characteristics of a diesel fuel in increases nitrogen oxides (NOX)
Thirunavukkarasu R
VCR engine. emission. Advance injection timing increases brake
RESEARCHGATE thermal efficiency (BTE) and decreases specific fuel
consumption (SFC).

2015 The NOx emissions increase with increase in IP. The

Shylesha
channapattana , Effect of Injection Pressure on the Performance NOx emissions increase as the blend proportion is
and Emission Characteristics of VCR engine using increased. B20 blend gives better thermal
Prashant Gurunath
kamble , Abhay Honne Biodiesel as a Fuel. performance compared to other blend of Honne
RESEARCHGATE biodiesel, but it causes higher levels of exhaust
pawar
emissions
The outcome of emission characteristics, such as , CO
2017 . effect of injection timing on performance and
diminishes with increase in injection timing upto 12 º
Prakash, V.Vignesh, S. emission characteristics of diesel engine fuelled and correspondingly NOx discharge and HC emission
Mathew Stephen, with soya ethyl ester blends.
S.Manikandan IRJET additionally diminishes with increase in injection
timing for soya ethyl ester blend.
 YEAR&AUTHOR TITLE & JOURNAL NAME DESCRIPTION

 
It can be concluded that the use of
2011 safflower oil biodiesel has beneficial effects
Biodiesel from safflower oil and its application in a
CumaliIlkılıç,Selma diesel engine both in terms of emission reductions and
nAydın ,RasimBeh alternative petroleum diesel fuel.
SCIENCEDIRECT
cet ,HüseyinAydinb

The performance of biodiesel obtained from

safflower oil and its blend were measured and
2017
Manindra Singh Performance and Experimental analysis of a Safflower evaluated in four stroke, single cylinder, direct
injection, water cooled diesel engine. The
Rathore1, J.K. biodiesel and Diesel blends on C.I. Engine
Tiwari2, Shashank IRJET properties of biodiesel obtained from
safflower oil and its blend with diesel fuel and
Mishra3
additive at various extents are considered
including engine tests
WORK DONE
• Problem identification completed
• Literature survey completed
• Oil(Safflower oil) and antioxidant Ao1202 were ordered and will be
received by next week
WORK TO BE DONE
* Esterification process
* Check the properties of materials.
1) Viscosity
2) Flash point
3) Fire point
4) Calorific value
* Sample preparation
5) S1= 90% diesel + 10% bio diesel
6) S2= 80% diesel + 20% bio diesel
7) S3= 75% diesel + 25% bio diesel
8) S4= 70% diesel + 30% bio diesel
* Experimental work
OUTCOME OF THE PROJECT
• The out come of our project is to publish the report on the
observation and knowledge acquired from our side during the process
of experiment.
REFERENCES
• [5] S.P.Singh, Dipti Singh, “Biodiesel production through the use of different
sources and characterization of oils and their esters as the substitute of diesel: A
review”, Elsevier Publication, Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, vol.14, pp.200-216, 2010.
• Performance and Experimental analysis of a Safflower biodiesel and Diesel blends
on C.I. Engine. Manindra Singh Rathore1, J.K. Tiwari2, Shashank Mishra3.
• Influence of Injection Timing on The Performance And Emissions Characteristics of
A Diesel Fuel In Vcr Engine. 1R.Rameshbabu, 2M.Mahendran, 3R.Thirunavukkarasu
• EFFECT OF INJECTION TIMING ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION
CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL ENGINE FUELLED WITH SOYA ETHYL ESTER BLENDS.
R. Prakash 1, V. Vignesh 2, S. Mathew Stephen 3, S. Manikandan 4
THANK Y
OU