Hardware for

Educators
 What is Hardware?
It is the physical , touchable, electronic
and mechanical parts of a computer which
is composed of different devices attached to
the computer.

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Data Representation
Reporter: Jeremias, Generose

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 “
Data in computers is represented by a
series of 1’s and 0’s (Binary System)

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Data Representation

Binary System Coding Schemes

(ASCII)

0= Off 1= On

Bits

Bytes
(8 Bits)

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Components of the
System Unit

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 System Unit (Chassis)

- A boxlike case made of What it looks like inside?

metal or plastic that houses
the electronic components a
computer uses to process
data.

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 MotherBoard Circuit Board
- It is the main circuit board of a
computer. It contains circuits and CHIPS
components that runs the computer.
CIRCUITS

INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS

ELECTRONIC
COMPONENTS

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“CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT”

Reporter: Delos santos , Rhea

CPU- (Central Processing Unit )

 A chip that interprets and carries out the basic instructions

 The CPU is essentially the brain of a CAD system
That operate a computer.
 Also called “Processor or Microprocessor
 Most device connect to the CPU

For example, a simple calculator program might instruct the CPU to

take two numbers, 2 and 2, add them, and send back the result.
Inside the CPU
At the hardware level, a CPU is an integrated
circuit, also known as a chip. An integrated circuit
"integrates" millions or billions of tiny electrical
parts, arranging them into circuits and fitting them
all into a compact box.
We can visualize the layers of the
CPU chip:
Duel-core processor - A single chip with two
separate processors

Multi-core processor- A single chip with more than two

separate processors contains a number of components
The control unit- Directs and coordinates most of the
operations in computer. Interprets each instruction and then
initiates appropriate action to carry out instruction.

STEP OF MACHINES/INSTRUCTION
CYCLE:

1.FETCHING- Retrieved data from memory

2.DECODING- Translating the instruction
into commands the computer understands.
3.EXECUTING- Carry out commands
4.STORING- Writing the results to memory
The arithmetic /logic Unit- (ALU)
Performs the execution part of machines
The ALU performs simple addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, and logic operations, such as OR
and AND.

The system clock is a device used in computers

which regulates the internal components of the
computer by issuing a high-frequency signal. This
signal ensures that all components are synchronized.
 Memory
Reporter: Paloma, Fatima
 what is memory?
it is a storage space where computer stores all its data and instructions that are
entered through input devices

* The computer memory consists of many storage locations,that have unique

address
* Each character holds one alpahanumeric characteristics
*Each character is presented in the storage location by a string of binary numbers
that are treated as unit .
 Memory
Internal ( Primary ) Memory External (Secondary) Memory

RAM ROM Hard disk Flash Drive

Compact Multimedia
disk(CD) Card
 Internal Memory
▧ Every computer comes with a certain amount of
internal memory that is used to store data and to start
up and to run different types of programs

▧ It is also known as Primary Memory or Main

Memory.
▧ It is the memory that is
in the form of silicon
chips and fixed on
electronic circuit
board, which is called
MOTHERBOARD
 There are two types of internal

Ram
- Form of RAM is Random Access Memory
- It stores information temporarily
- It works like a blackboard that is constantly overwritten with a new
data
- it is known as volatile memory because the information stored in a
memory is lo st when you turn off the computer or the power goes off
-
For example,
▧in calculator , the
information exists till
the calculator is
on .The moment you
turn off the calculator
, all the data
disappears.
 ROM
-Full form of ROM is Read Only Memory
-It is a memory chip containing instructions that
tell the computer what to do, when it starts.
-In this ,data is stored permanently during
manufacturing process.
▧it is known as Non-volatile
memory because even after you
turned off your computer or power
goes off,the content of the ROM
will not be lost
 External Memory
▧ External memory is needed because th internal
storage of computer is insufficient to store
large amount of data
▧ It is used to store the information dor a long
period.
▧ It is also known as Secondary Memory
Types of External Memory
1. Hard disk -
 It is the main storage device for computers.
 it is fixed inside CPU cabinet and contains all the
software and data.
 It is made up of multiple disks which are alled
plates
 data is recorded on both the sides of the disks.
 its storage capacity is 16TB(Terabytes)
 Compact Disk( CD)
 It is an optical storage device
 it isa thin circular disc with a reflective
metal coating
 it can hold text,graphics,sound,images
and video.
 the storage capacity is 700 MB
 dimention is 4.5 inches in diameter
 Flash Drive
 it is known as Pen Drive
 it is also known as Universal Serial
Bus(USB)
 It is a plug and play device.
 it is used for copying and moving
data from one computer to another
computer.
 Multimedia Card
it requires multimedia
card reader to read
data and we can
connect it with cable
EXPANSION SLOT
Reporter: Alcones, Anabelle
An expansion slot is a
socket on the motherboard
that is used to insert an
expansion card (or circuit
board), which provides
additional features to a
computer such as video,
sound, advanced graphics,
Ethernet or memory.
What Does Expansion Slot Mean?

An expansion slot is a socket on the

motherboard that is used to insert an
expansion card (or circuit board),
which provides additional features to a
computer such as video, sound,
advanced graphics, Ethernet or
memory.
The expansion card has an edge connector that
fits precisely into the expansion slot as well as a
row of contacts that is designed to establish an
electrical connection between the motherboard
and the electronics on the card, which are mostly
integrated circuits. Depending on the form factor
of the case and motherboard, a computer system
generally can have anywhere from one to seven
expansion slots. With a backplane system, up to
19 expansion cards can be installed.
How do expansion slots work?

Computers have expansion slots to give

the user the ability to add new devices to
their computer. For example, a computer
gamer may upgrade their video card to get
better performance in their games. An
expansion slot allows them to remove the
old video card and add a new video card
without replacing the motherboard.
How many expansion slots are on a
motherboard?

Depending on the form factor of the

motherboard and case, around one to
seven expansion cards can be added to a
computer system. 19 or more expansion
cards can be installed in backplane
systems.