MODULE 1

Research its Meaning

Dr. Greg E. Baccay

Give me wisdom and knowledge, that I may
lead this people, for who is able to govern
this great people of yours?“
2 Chronicles 1:10
Why Study Research?
 Research provides
you with the
knowledge and
skills needed for the
fast-paced decision-
making environment
 Data leads to…
 Information leads
to…
 Knowledge

 Knowledge is
power!
"The secret of
success is to
know something
nobody else
knows. "
Aristotle
Onassis
What is research?
Is accepted as a
scientific approach to
knowledge generation.

is to search again or to
examine carefully.
A scientific investigation of phenomena
which includes collection, presentation,
analysis, and interpretation of facts that
links man’s speculation with reality.
(Calmorin)

Is a systematic inquiry that uses

disciplined methods to answer questions
or solve problems. Goal: To develop,
refine, and expand body of knowledge
Science and Research
“… a mode of intellectual inquiry that
seeks a coherent understanding of
the world through reliance upon
systematic observation of it. . .
the accumulated body of
observations and theories”
(Sanderson 462).
Nature of Research

• Philosophy of science
• Acquisition of knowledge
• Disciplined-inquiry-based
• Empirical (direct experience or observation)
• Operational (on-going process)
• Incremental (becoming greater, increase
knowledge)
• Logical (based on valid procedures and principles)
• Cyclical (it starts with a problem and ends with a
problem)
• Analytical (utilizes proven procedures in gathering
data)
• Critical (exhibits careful & precise judgments)
• Dynamic
What is Social Science?
 Is the branch of science that deals with
the study of human society, specially
social organization and individual
relationship within it. (Mercado, 2006)
What is Social Science Research?
 Study of human problems and their
causes and solutions, systematically.
Disciplines (Chase 1956)
Study of..
1. Cultural Anthropology man and his culture
2. Social Psychology relationships and
institutions
3. Sociology human society and its
institutions influence bet them
4. Economics the way natural resources are used
and how the income they produced
are divided.
5. Political Science Oldest discipline w/c deals with the
nature and functions of the state
and government.
In addition to the major disciplines:

1. Psychology study of mental process

and behavior
2. History record of the past
events, its importance to
the future
3. Demography study of population
4. Communication study of interaction
5. Labor Relations study of labor and
employee relations
6. Social Work study of social problems
New…
7. Education study of how people learn
(oldest discipline as Art
but now Science)
8. Business Administration study of business
9. Tourism study of movement of people
for recreation
10.Public Administration study of government
in action
Types of Research

 Research by data (RBD)

 Research by purpose (RBP)
Research Method by Data
 Quantitative Research – research
that relies primarily on the
collection of quantitative data.
 Qualitative Research – research that relies
primarily on the collection of qualitative
data.
 Mixed /triangulation – research that
involves the mixing of quantitative and
qualitative methods or paradigm
characteristics
Research Method by Purpose
Basic or pure research
 embarks on the unknown,
enlarging the realm of the
possible
 Attempts to expand the limits
of knowledge.
 Not directly involved in the
solution to a pragmatic
problem.
Basic Research Expands
Knowledge: Example

 What are the characteristics of successful people?

 “Successful people share many characteristics. They are
constantly learning how to do their jobs better and take
responsibility for their own training in order to do so. They
empower themselves, are self-motivated, and take control
of their lives, rather than waiting for someone else to lead
them down the path to success. .”
 Source: John Tschohl, The Qualities of Successful People, Managing Service
Quality, Volume 9 Number 2 1999 pp. 78-80

 What are the characteristics of effective sales people?

 motivation; customer orientation; team orientation; and
sales support orientation.
 Source: A.T. Barker, Salespeople characteristics, sales managers' activities
and territory design as antecedents of sales organization performance,
Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 2001
Research Paradigm
(Approaches) in selecting
 Research problems (, it is an approach to
thinking about and doing research)
 Theory approach - testing some predictions or
hypotheses derived from a theory.

 Method approach - coming up of a research

method first, before the research problem.

 Statistical analysis approach – thinking of

familiar statistical analysis first. And choose a
problem that fits the statistical tool.
The Research Process
Adding NEW Asking
Question Questions

Reconsidering the Identifying the

Theory Important factors

A Model of
Scientific Inquiry

Working with the Formulating a

Hypothesis Hypothesis

Testing Collecting
the Relevant
Hypothesis Information
Assessing Your Preparation for the Task
Ahead
Check Your Preparation:
Writing Skills
Methodology Skills
Environmental Support
Computer Access and Skills
Time Management Skills
Interpersonal Skills
Examine Your Cognitive Ecology
Required Capabilities for
Research • carry out a review of
literature related to
the problem
• make a thorough
diagnosis to specify
the problem,
research questions
or the hypotheses or
research clearly
Describing the methodology of research
• select an appropriate research design most
suited to the nature and purpose of the
research study
• select the subjects on whom the study has
to be conducted
• select or develop instruments for measuring
the variable in the study
Collecting the data
 Develop
capabilities of
o administering
instruments
o recording data
o scoring and
tabulating data for
analysis
Analyzing and interpreting the results

• Acquire the capabilities of selecting and

applying appropriate statistical methods for
handling and analyzing the collected data,
so as to arrive at valid conclusions.
High Quality Research
…is characterized by many different
attributes:
o it is based on the work of others
o it can be replicated
o it is generalizable to other settings
o it is based on some logical rationale tied to theory
o it is doable
o it generates new questions or is cyclical in nature
o it is incremental
o it is an apolitical activity that should be undertaken
for the betterment of society.
Channel of Conceptualizing Research

From Idea to Literature Review (with the research

hypothesis on the way)

Research Research Literature

Question Hypothesis Review

From Idea and Literature Review to hypothesis

Literature
Idea
Review

Research Research
Question Hypothesis
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