REFERENCING &

PLAGIARISM
 USING THE
HARVARD
REFERENCING
SYSTEM

September 2010
 WHY DO I NEED TO REFERENCE?

• READING, UNDERSTANDING AND CORRECTING REFERENCING THE WORK OF

OTHERS IN YOUR ASSIGNMENTS IS IMPORTANT.

• BY CORRECTLY REFERENCING YOU WILL:

• PROTECT YOURSELF AGAINST ACCUSATIONS OF PLAGIARISM
• DEMONSTRATE THAT YOU HAVE READ WIDELY
• SHOW YOUR UNDERSTANDING OF A TOPIC
• SUPPORT YOUR ARGUMENTS WITH PUBLISHED RESEARCH

• IF YOU DON’T REFERENCE CORRECTLY YOU MAY COMMIT PLAGIARISM,

WHICH IS SEEN AS ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT AND CARRIES PENALTIES.
 WHAT SHOULD I
REFERENCE?

• ACKNOWLEDGING THE WORK OF OTHERS IN YOUR

ASSIGNMENTS GIVES ACADEMIC CREDIBILITY TO YOUR WORK
BY ALLOWING YOU TO BACK UP YOUR ARGUMENTS WITH
PUBLISHED MATERIAL.

• YOU SHOULD REFERENCE ANYTHING YOU HAVE TAKEN FROM

ANOTHER WORK, WHETHER YOU ARE PARAPHRASING,
SUMMARISING OR DIRECTLY QUOTING.

• SOME THINGS CAN BE TAKEN AS COMMON KNOWLEDGE AND

DO NOT THEREFORE NEED TO BE BACKED UP WITH A
REFERENCE.
 TAKING NOTES

TAKING CLEAR NOTES DURING YOUR READING WILL

MAKE REFERENCING MUCH EASIER AND QUICKER.

• MAKE A NOTE OF: AUTHOR / TITLE / DATE / PUBLISHER DETAILS AND

CHAPTER DETAILS / PAGE NUMBERS IF RELEVANT.

• IF IT IS ONLINE, NOTE THE WEB ADDRESS AND THE DATE AND TIME YOU
ACCESSED IT.

• MAKE CLEAR DISTINCTION BETWEEN ANY DIRECT QUOTES YOU WRITE

DOWN AND INFORMATION WRITTEN IN YOUR OWN WORDS SO YOU
DON’T ACCIDENTLY PLAGIARISE WHEN YOU COME TO WRITE YOU
ASSIGNMENT
 CITING IN YOUR TEXT
• THE FIRST PART OF A HARVARD REFERENCE IS THE IN-TEXT CITATION WHERE
YOU ACKNOWLEDGE THE SOURCES YOU READ.

• USE (AUTHOR, DATE) AND PAGE NUMBERS IF APPLICABLE.

• CONSIDER THE FLOW OF YOUR WRITING WHEN CHOOSING HOW TO INCLUDE

CITATION.
Addy (2006) explains
Addy (2006, p.25) Children with
that children with
explains that children developmental
developmental
with developmental coordination disorder
coordination disorder
coordination disorder often struggle within
often struggle within
often struggle within mainstream education
mainstream education
mainstream education (Addy, 2006, p.25)
(p.25)
 QUOTATIONS
• USE QUOTATION MARKS ‘T’ AND PAGE NUMBER(S) TO INDICATE A
DIRECT QUOTE.

• SHORT QUOTES CAN BE INCLUDED IN YOUR OWN SENTENCE:

Continuing professional development allows people to ‘build on their knowledge
and skills to develop their level of competence’ (Alsop, 2000, p.64).

• LONGER QUOTES SHOULD BE INDENTED AND IN A SEPARATE

Evidence suggests that the popularity for alternative medicine is growing.
PARAGRAPH:
 
‘It is estimated that a third of the population have
tried the remedies of complementary medicine or
visited its practitioners’ (Dimond, 2004, p.378).

• AVOID OVERUSING QUOTATIONS.

 PARAPHRASING

• PRESENTING AN IDEA OR ARGUMENT IN YOUR OWN

WORDS.

• ENSURE IT IS SIGNIFICANTLY ALTERED FROM THE

ORIGINAL TO AVOID ISSUES OF PLAGIARISM (JUST
CHANGING A COUPLE OF WORDS IS NOT ENOUGH!).

• PARAPHRASES RELATE TO SPECIFIC SECTIONS OF A

WORK, SO IT IS GOOD PRACTICE TO INCLUDE THE PAGE
NUMBER AS YOU WOULD DO WITH A DIRECT
Effectively preparing
QUOTATION.patients by dealing with questions, setting goals and making the patient
feel involved in their care can significantly reduce postoperative anxiety and may have a
positive impact on their subsequent recovery (Lees, 2010, p.11).
 SUMMARISING

• A BRIEF OUTLINE OF THE MAIN POINTS OF A WORK

WITHOUT GOING INTO SPECIFIC DETAILS.

• GENERALLY SUMMARIES RELATE TO A WHOLE WORK,

OR TO A LARGE SECTION, SO ARE MUCH LESS SPECIFIC
THAN PARAPHRASING.

• AS A SUMMARY POTENTIALLY COVERS MOST OR ALL OF

A WORK, IT DOES NOT REQUIRE PAGE NUMBERS TO BE
GIVEN AS THEY ARE FOR DIRECT QUOTATIONS AND
PARAPHRASING.
A recent study by Sampson (2009) demonstrated that
moderate alcohol consumption may reduce the risk of
 SECONDARY REFERENCES

• WHERE THE PASSAGE YOU ARE REFERRING TO IS THE AUTHORS OWN

REFERENCE TO ANOTHER WORK.

• YOU ARE RELYING ON THEIR ACCURATE AND UNBIASED REPRODUCTION OF

THAT WORK, SO IT IS MUCH BETTER TO LOCATE THE SOURCE AND READ AND
REFERENCE IT DIRECTLY IN YOU OWN WORK.

• IF YOU CANNOT LOCATE THE ORIGINAL, SECONDARY REFERENCE IT BY:

A study concluded that marijuana users felt ‘less confident’ than In the body of
cocaine users about being able to stop taking the drug. (Budney et your text cite
al, 1998 cited in Butcher, Mineka & Hooley, 2010, p.412). both works

In your end list: Butcher, J. N., Mineka, S. & Hooley, J. M. (2010)

Reference the item Abnormal Psychology (14th ed). Boston, Parson
you have read. Education Inc.
 THE END LIST
• AT THE END OF YOUR WORK INCLUDE A LIST OF REFERENCES.
• LIST IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER BY AUTHOR, DO NOT SEPARATE INTO
DIFFERENT TYPES OF WORK.
• THE FOLLOWING SLIDES SHOW HOW TO REFERENCE CORRECTLY.

Bibliographies and Reference Lists

Reference
Lists all the list gives all
Lists only the items
material you
material you Where both directly
have read,
Bibliography Reference have cited
whether cited are cited.
: in your List: directly in
your requested: Bibliography
assignment or contains any
assignment.
not. other
reading.

• ALWAYS CHECK YOUR PROGRAMME / MODULE HANDBOOKS TO SEE

WHICH FORM OF END LIST IS REQUIRED.
 HOW TO REFERENCE A…

BOOK

Author(s) Date
Surname.Initial(s), Year of publication
Use & between two authors.

Naidoo, J. & Willis, J. (2001) Health

studies: an introduction. Basingstoke,
Palgrave.
Title Publisher
In sentence case and italicised. Place of publication, publisher.
 HOW TO REFERENCE A…
E-BOOK

Date
Author(s) Year of publication Title
Surname.Initial(s), In sentence case and italicised.
Use & between two authors.

Seedhouse, D. (2009) Ethics: the heart of health care (3rd ed).

Chichester, Wiley [Online]. Available at
http://www.dawsonera.com. Accessed on 24th January 2010,
10:15am.

Publisher
Publisher followed by [Online].
Access information
Give homepage of website, and date
and time you accessed the resource.

(As e-books often require a login, only

the homepage needs to be given.)
 HOW TO REFERENCE A…
JOURNAL ARTICLE

Date
Author(s) Year of publication Article Title
Surname.Initial(s), In sentence case
Use & between two authors.

Kelly, C. & Lynes, D. (2008) Psychological effects

of chronic lung disease. Nursing Times, 104(47),
pp.82-85.

Journal Title
In Title Case and italicised
Journal information
Give volume and issue as x(x),
followed by page numbers
pp. For multiple pages
p. For a single page item
 HOW TO REFERENCE A…
E-JOURNAL ARTICLE
Date
Author(s)
Year of publication
Surname.Initial(s),
Use & between two authors.
Journal Title
In Title Case
and italicised
Journal information
Give volume and issue as x(x),
followed by page numbers
pp. For multiple pages
p. For a single page item
Follow with [Online].
Article Title
In sentence case
Pollard, K. (2009) Student engagement in
interprofessional working in practice placement
settings. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(20),
pp.2846-56 [Online]. Available at
www.swetswise.com. Accessed on 15th May 2010,
10:10am.
Access information
Give homepage of website, and date
and time you accessed the resource.
(As e-journals often require a login,
only the homepage needs to be given.)
 HOW TO REFERENCE A…
WEB PAGE
Date
Year site last updated (often
Author(s)
shown at the bottom of the
Surname.Initial(s) if a person
is the author. Otherwise use
page).
corporate author or If not known, enter (no date).
organisation.

Department for Children, Schools and Families. (2009) Background to every

child matters. Every Child Matters [Online]. Available at
http://www.dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/about/background/background/.
Accessed on 18th February 2010, 11:10pm.

Page Title Access information

In sentence case Website Title Give full address of webpage,
In Title Case and and date and time you
italicised. Followed accessed the resource.
by [Online].
 HOW TO REFERENCE …
ANYTHING ELSE…

HTTP://WWW.RESOURCES.FHSC.SALFORD.AC.UK/
REFERENCING/

FULL REFERENCING GUIDE

PRESENTATION
HELP CONTACTS
 REFERENCING
•REFERENCING REFERS TO
CITATION AND REFERENCING
OF PUBLISHED AUTHORS.
 REFERENCING – APA STYLE
•WHAT IS APA STYLE?
•APA IS AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSOCIATION REFERENCING USED IN
PSYCHOLOGY, EDUCATION, SOCIAL
SCIENCES AND BUSINESS FIELDS.
 2 MAJOR TYPES OF
REFERENCING
•1. REFERENCE LIST (GENERAL)
•2. IN-TEXT CITATION (SPECIFIC
AREAS)
Example reference list entry:
Smith, J. D. (2009). 
Research ethics in New Zealand: A student
guide.Wellington. New Zealand: Rata Press.

•AUTHOR. (YEAR). TITLE.

PLACE OF PUBLICATION:
PUBLISHER.
 IN-TEXT CITATION – 3 TYPES
•1. PARAPHRASE (IDEAS IN YOUR WORDS)
•2. QUOTATION (TAKEN DIRECT FROM
TEXT)
•3. SOURCE WITHIN A SOURCE
•1. PARAPHRASE (IDEAS IN YOUR WORDS)
EG.

ACCORDING TO SMITH (2009) THE BEST SOURCE OF

…
… WAS THE CASE (SMITH, 2009).
ACCORDING TO SMITH (2009, P. 22), …
•2. QUOTATION (TAKEN DIRECT FROM TEXT)
EG.

ACCORDING TO SMITH (2009) “THE BEST

SOURCE OF …” (P. 22).
… WAS THE CASE” (SMITH, 2009, P. 22).
•3. SOURCE WITHIN A SOURCE
EG.

ARNOLD'S STUDY OF CHILDHOOD OBESITY (

AS CITED IN SMITH, 2009) IS A LANDMARK IN …
 REFERENCE FROM WEB PAGE
WEB PAGE

ORDER: AUTHOR(S), YEAR OF PUBLICATION, PAGE TITLE (IN

ITALICS), URL ADDRESS.

BENSON, A. & KIPP, R. M. (2012). POTAMOPYRGUS

ANTIPODARUM. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP
://NAS.ER.USGS.GOV/QUERIES/FACTSHEET.ASP?SPECIESID=1
 REFERENCE FROM JOURNALS
JOURNAL ARTICLE

ORDER: AUTHOR(S), YEAR OF PUBLICATION, ARTICLE TITLE (NOT IN ITALICS),

JOURNAL NAME (IN ITALICS), VOLUME NUMBER (IN ITALICS), ISSUE NUMBER,
AND THE PAGE NUMBER RANGE OF THE ARTICLE.

CASTLES, F. G., CURTIN, J. C., & VOWLES, J. (2006). PUBLIC POLICY IN AUSTRALIA
AND NEW ZEALAND: THE NEW GLOBAL CONTEXT. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF
POLITICAL SCIENCE, 41(2), 131–143.
PLAGIARISM
•PRESENTING AS ONE'S OWN WORK AS THE WORK OF
ANOTHER PERSON, INCLUDING COPYING OR
PARAPHRASING OF ANOTHER PERSON’S WORK
WITHOUT ACKNOWLEDGING IT THROUGH FULL AND
ACCURATE REFERENCING.
•PLAGIARISM APPLIES TO MATERIAL SO PRESENTED
THROUGH WRITTEN, SPOKEN, ELECTRONIC,
BROADCASTING, VISUAL, PERFORMANCE OR OTHER
MEDIUM.
•THERE ARE SEVERAL COMMON MISTAKES THAT CAN LEAD
TO PLAGIARISM:
•COPYING A SERIES OF WORDS WITHOUT TELLING THE
READER WHERE THOSE WORDS CAME FROM
•COPYING A SERIES OF WORDS WITHOUT PUTTING THEM
INSIDE QUOTATION MARKS
•PARAPHRASING (REPHRASING) ANOTHER SOURCE, BUT ONLY
CHANGING A FEW WORDS
•USING THE FACTS OR IDEAS FROM ANOTHER SOURCE
WITHOUT TELLING THE READER WHERE THEY CAME FROM
•COPYING IMAGES, IN WHOLE OR PART, WITHOUT INCLUDING
CAPTIONS OR TELLING THE READER WHERE THEY CAME
FROM
•AVOIDING PLAGIARISM
•PLAGIARISM IS EASY TO AVOID, BY APPLYING TWO SIMPLE RULES:
•IF YOU COPY MORE THAN ABOUT THREE CONSECUTIVE WORDS FROM
A SOURCE, PUT THE WORDS IN QUOTATION MARKS
•IF YOU USE ANY WORDS, IDEAS, OPINIONS, INFORMATION, OR IMAGES
FROM A SOURCE, CITE AND REFERENCE THE SOURCE
PARAPHRASING AND
SUMMARISING
SUMMARISING

SUMMARISING INVOLVES SELECTING OUT SOME KEY FEATURES AND THEN

USING THOSE TO CREATE A SHORTENED VERSION OF THE AUTHOR'S PROSE.
PARAPHRASING

PARAPHRASING MEANS TO RESTATE

INFORMATION USING DIFFERENT
WORDS. UNLIKE SUMMARISING,
PARAPHRASING FOCUSES LESS ON
SHORTENING AND CONDENSING THE
INFORMATION. PARAPHRASING AIMS
TO REWRITE THE INFORMATION BY
DRAWING ON DIFFERENT WORDS AND
PHRASES.
 HARVARD STYLE
BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND
REFERENCES
 BOOKS (ONE OR MORE AUTHORS)
TAKE THE INFORMATION FROM THE TITLE PAGE AND THE
REVERSE OF THE TITLE PAGE:
 
• FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). YEAR. TITLE. CITY OF PUBLICATION:
PUBLISHER.

• ADAMS, A.D. (1906) ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION OF WATER POWER.

NEW YORK: MCGRAW.
 BOOKS (EDITED)
• WRITE ED. OR EDS. AFTER THE EDITOR'S NAME(S):

• FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). ED. YEAR. TITLE. CITY OF

PUBLICATION: PUBLISHER.

• CRANDELL, K.A. ED. (1999) THE EVOLUTION OF HIV. BALTIMORE:

JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS.
 CHAPTERS IN EDITED BOOKS
• USE THE TITLE PAGE AND REVERSE TITLE PAGE OF THE BOOK
AND THE CHAPTER HEADING ITSELF:
 
• FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). YEAR. CHAPTER TITLE. IN: FAMILY
NAME OF THE EDITOR(S) INITIAL(S) , ED(S). TITLE OF BOOK.
CITY OF PUBLICATION: PUBLISHER, PAGE NUMBERS.

• COFFIN, J.M. (1999) MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF HIV. IN:

CRANDELL, K.A. ED. THE EVOLUTION OF HIV. BALTIMORE:
JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, P.2-10.
 JOURNAL ARTICLE
• USE THE TITLE PAGE OF THE JOURNAL VOLUME OR ISSUE AND
THE ARTICLE:
 
• FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). YEAR. TITLE OF ARTICLE. JOURNAL
TITLE. VOLUME (ISSUE NUMBER), PAGE NUMBERS.
 
• WALKER, J.R. (1998) CITING SERIALS: ONLINE SERIAL
PUBLICATIONS AND CITATION SYSTEMS. SERIALS- LIBRARIAN. 33
(3/4), P.343-356.
 JOURNAL ARTICLE (ELECTRONIC)
• USE INFORMATION FROM THE WEB SITE AND THE ARTICLE:
 
• FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). YEAR. TITLE OF ARTICLE. JOURNAL
TITLE [ONLINE]. VOLUME (ISSUE NUMBER), [DATE ACCESSED],
PAGE NUMBERS. AVAILABLE FROM WORLD WIDE WEB: URL

• ROYALL, C.P., THIEL, B.L., AND DONALD, A.M. (2001) RADIATION

DAMAGE OF WATER IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCANNING ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY. JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY [ONLINE]. 204(3), P.185.
AVAILABLE AT : <HTTP://WWW.BLACKWELL-SYNERGY.COM>
[ACCESSED 9TH MAY 2002]
 WEBSITE WITH AUTHOR
• TAKE THE INFORMATION FROM THE WEBPAGE ITSELF OR THE
ASSOCIATED HOMEPAGE - USE THE TITLE BAR AND THE CREDITS AT THE
BOTTOM OF THE PAGE, YOUR OWN DATE OF VIEWING THE PAGE AND
INSERT THE WORDS [ONLINE] AND AVAILABLE FROM WORLD WIDE WEB:

• FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). YEAR. TITLE [ONLINE]. AVAILABLE AT: URL

[DATE ACCESSED]

• HAWKINGS, S. (2000) PROFESSOR STEPHEN HAWKING'S WEBSITE [ONLINE].

AVAILABLE AT:
<HTTP://WWW.HAWKING.ORG.UK/HOME/HINDEX.HTML>[ACCESSED 9TH
MAY 2002].
 WEBSITE WITH NO AUTHOR
• TAKE THE INFORMATION FROM THE WEBPAGE ITSELF OR THE
ASSOCIATED HOMEPAGE - USE THE TITLE BAR AND THE CREDITS AT THE
BOTTOM OF THE PAGE, YOUR OWN DATE OF VIEWING THE PAGE AND
INSERT THE WORDS [ONLINE] AND AVAILABLE FROM WORLD WIDE WEB:

• TITLE OF WEBSITE. YEAR AS APPEARING ON SITE [ONLINE]. AVAILABLE AT:

URL [DATE ACCESSED].

• FEMINIST COLLECTIONS A QUARTERLY OF WOMEN'S STUDIES RESOURCES.

(2002) [ONLINE]. AVAILABLE AT:
<HTTP://WWW.LIBRARY.WISC.EDU/LIBRARIES/WOMENSSTUDIES/FCMAIN.
HTM>[ACCESSED 9TH MAY 2002].