Introduction

• These slides provide additional guidance on referencing for

Referencing: the Crime Type Report
• In text referencing
Additional • Bibliography
• Examples
Guidance • You should also take a look at the document within the

and assessment 1 folder on blackboard ‘A guide to quoting, citing

and referencing using Harvard’

Examples AND:
• There is more information about referencing via the
Explaining Crime module blackboard site. Once you’re on
the site, scroll down to the ‘learning support’ folder. Open
the ‘library skills plus’ link. Next, click on the ‘Academic
Integrity’. This will bring up a list. From the list select ‘cite
them right’ (you may need to log in). This page has lots of
information, advice and guidance about referencing. Note
that sometimes the link takes a while to work or you might
need to try again (not sure why!).
 Referencing, Bibliography & Plagiarism
• Reference whenever you are using:
 Direct quotes
 Paraphrases
 Statistics/Studies
 Theories
 Interpretations
 Facts

 This will help you to avoid plagiarism

 Plagiarism
• Using someone’s words or ideas and presenting them as your own (Marshall &
Rowland, 1998)
• Inappropriate use of ideas from books, articles, internet, or other students’ work.
 Referencing, Bibliography & Plagiarism
• We reference to acknowledge the sources we have used and their inclusion in our work. Prevents us from passing off
another person’s work as our own.

• Use the Harvard system for referencing and your bibliography

Referencing IN the Main Body of Your Report

• A book with ONE author
• The most important part of the research process is X (Bell, 2014)
• According to Bell (2014), the most important part of the ….

• A book with TWO or THREE authors

• Goddard and Barrett (2015) suggest that approaches to X require reform
• It has been argued that approaches to X require radical reform Goddard and Barrett (2015)

• A book with FOUR or more authors

• This was proved by Young et al. (2015)
• Research has proved this theory to be false (Young et al, 2015).
 Referencing, Bibliography & Plagiarism
Referencing IN the Main Body of Your Report

• Some books have chapters written by different authors and an overall

editor
• For these books in the text use the surname of the chapter author (Smith, 2019)

• Journal Articles & Reports

• Referencing in the main body of the report as per books
• Web pages
• Author name if available, for example (Brown, 2017). If not available then the
organisation name (e.g. Department of Health). If no author or organisation
information available paste the full URL in the text in brackets.
Referencing, Bibliography & Plagiarism
• Referencing in the text of your report: put the references as
close to the material as possible!
Incorrect
ADHD is often undetected in adults in the criminal
justice system, Despite the use of various tools to
identify adult-ADHD, it has been recognised that
diagnosis remains difficult as the symptoms of
substance abuse, depression and anxiety (all often
experienced by prisoners) and other co-morbid
conditions can mimic those of ADHD This is a particular
challenge as studies suggest that prisoners with ADHD
are at significantly greater risk of having non-ADHD
psychopathology and a range of psychiatric co-
morbidities including anxiety, personality disorder and
affective disorders Other behaviours, associated with
ADHD (such as impulsivity) can also be a result of
personality disorder and drug taking which are more
common in the prisoner population (Buitelaar &
Ferdinand, 2016; Ginsberg et al, 2010; Manos et al,
2007; Moore et al, 2016; Young et al, 2015).
Correct
ADHD is often undetected in adults in the criminal
justice system (Buitelaar & Ferdinand, 2016). Despite
the use of various tools to identify adult-ADHD, it has
been recognised that diagnosis remains difficult as the
symptoms of substance abuse, depression and anxiety
(all often experienced by prisoners) and other co-
morbid conditions can mimic those of ADHD (Ginsberg
et al, 2010; Manos et al, 2007). This is a particular
challenge as studies suggest that prisoners with ADHD
are at significantly greater risk of having non-ADHD
psychopathology and a range of psychiatric co-
morbidities including anxiety, personality disorder and
affective disorders (Young et al, 2015). Other
behaviours, associated with ADHD (such as impulsivity)
can also be a result of personality disorder and drug
taking which are more common in the prisoner
population (Moore et al, 2016).
 Referencing, Bibliography & Plagiarism
References in the bibliography
• (note italics differences between types of material. Books/Reports – the title of the book
or report is in italics. In journal articles the journal title is in italics – see examples in rest of
the slides)

• Referencing Books in the bibliography

• Author/s/editor,/s Year of publication (in round brackets), Title (in italics), Place of publication,
publisher.
• Single Author Example: Bell, J. (2014) Doing your research project. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
• Two Author Example: Goddard, J. and Barrett, S. (2015) The health needs of young people leaving care. Norwich:
University of East Anglia, School of Social Work and Psychosocial Studies.
• Three Author Example: Goddard, J. White, T. Barrett, S. (2015) The health needs of young people leaving care.
Norwich: University of East Anglia, School of Social Work and Psychosocial Studies.
• Four or more Authors Example: Young, H.D., Freedman, R.A., Sandin, T.R., and Ford, A.L. (2015) Sears and
Zemansky's university physics. San Francisco, Calif.: Addison-Wesley.
• Edited book example: Rosecrance, J (1998) ‘The Stooper: A Professional Thief in the Sutherland Manner’ in Henry,
S. & Einstadter, W. (eds) (1998) The Criminology Theory Reader, New York and London, New York University Press.
 Referencing, Bibliography & Plagiarism
Referencing Journal Articles in the Bibliography
• Author/s/editor/s Year of publication (in round brackets), Title of article, journal
title (in italics), publisher, Series and volume number and pages.
• Example:
• Norrie, C., Hammond, J., D'Avray, L., Collington, V., and Fook, J. (2012) 'Doing it differently?
A review of literature on teaching reflective practice across health and social care
professions', Reflective Practice, 13(4), pp. 565–578.

Referencing Reports in the Bibliography (publisher and authoring organisation

may be the same sometimes).
• Author/s or organisation, Year of publication (in round brackets), Title of report (in
italics), Place of publication (if available): publisher
• Example:
• Biddle, P. (2010) The evaluation of Sure Start Berwick. Final Report, Northumbria University.
• If the report doesn’t have an individual author or authors, use the organisation name
instead (e.g. Department of Health)
Referencing, Bibliography & Plagiarism
Referencing webpages in the Bibliography
• Author/s, Year that the site was published /last updated if available (in
round brackets), Title of web page or article on webpage (in italics),
Available at: URL, (Accessed: date)
• Example:
• Burton, P.A. (2012) Castles of Spain. Available at: http://www.castlesofspain.co.uk/
(Accessed: 14 October 2015).
• If no individual author the author should be the organisation (e.g.
Department of Health).
• If you can find no other information, include the full URL in the
bibliography.
 Referencing, Bibliography & Plagiarism
Some Examples:
• BOOK: Biggs, J. and Tang, C. (2011) Teaching for Quality Learning at
university 4th edition, Berkshire: Open University Press.
• BOOK: Schon, D.A. (1983) The Reflective Practitioner. How Professionals
Think in Action, New York, Basic Books.
• BOOK (edited) Stewart, M. (2012) ‘Understanding Learning: Theories and
Critique’, in Hunt, L & Chambers, D (eds) (2012) University Teaching in
Focus: A Learning Centred Approach, ACER Press.
• ARTICLE: Johns, C. (1995) ‘Framing learning through reflection within
Carper’s fundamental ways of knowing in nursing’, Journal of Advanced
Nursing, 22, 226-234.
• REPORT: SCQA & QAA (2018) The revised UK Quality Code for Higher
Education, United Kingdom.
Referencing, Bibliography & Plagiarism
Direct quotes in the text:
• You may need to use direct quotes – particularly where you discuss crime type
definitions. Avoid just cutting and pasting lots of material directly into your paper!
Paraphrase is better. It shows you can use your own words. This should increase your
marks.
• Short quotes of up to three lines should be presented using quotations marks and
referenced in line with this example to include page number:
• “If you need to illustrate the idea of nineteenth-century America as a land of
opportunity, you could hardly improve on the life of Albert Michelson” (Bryson,
2004, p. 156)
• Longer quotes should be entered as a separate paragraph and indented from the main
text. Quotation marks are not required, but reference with page number is.
• So the three of them rode towards their end of the Great Road, while
summer lay all about them, breathless as a gasp. Roland looked up and saw
something that made him forget all about the Wizard's Rainbow. It was his
mother, leaning out of her apartment's bedroom window: the oval of her
face surrounded by the timeless gray stone of the castle's west wing. (King,
1997, pp. 553–554)
Example Bibliography (note A-Z by author
surname
Ashok, R., Matthews, H., Clifford, P. (2002) ‘Health of the Nation Outcomes Scales for People with Learning
Difficulties’, British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol.180,pp.61-66.
Cottam H (2002) Learning Works: The 21st Century Prison The Do Tank: London.
Department of Health (2009) The Bradley Report: Lord Bradley’s review of people with mental health problems
or learning disabilities in the criminal justice system. London: Department of Health.
Fazel S., Ramesh T., and Hawton K. (2017) Suicide in prisons: an international study of prevalence and
contributory factors. Lancet Psychiatry, Vol.4(12), pp.946-952.
Henley S (2003) ‘The 21st century model prison’ Proceedings of the Fourth International Space Syntax
Symposium Available online at:
http://www.spacesyntax.net/symposia-archive/SSS4/fullpapers/03Henleypaper.pdf Accessed on 3rd May 2018.
House of Commons Justice Committee (2009) Role of the Prison Officer. The Stationery Office, London.
Jewkes Y and Johnston H (2007) ‘The evolution of prison architecture’ in Y Jewkes (ed) Handbook on prisons
Willan Publishing: Cullompton, UK, pp. 174-196.
McKenzie N and Sales B (2008) New procedures to cut delays in transfer for mentally ill prisoners to hospital.
Psychiatric Bulletin, Vol.32, pp.20-22.
Prison Reform Trust (2018) see:
http://www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/WhatWeDo/ProjectsResearch/Mentalhealth
Further Information

• You should also take a look at the document within the assessment 1
folder on blackboard ‘A guide to quoting, citing and referencing using
Harvard’
AND:
• There is more information about referencing via the Explaining Crime
module blackboard site. Once you’re on the site, scroll down to the
‘learning support’ folder. Open the ‘library skills plus’ link. Next, click on
the ‘Academic Integrity’. This will bring up a list. From the list select ‘cite
them right’ (you may need to log in). This page has lots of information,
advice and guidance about referencing. Note that sometimes the link
takes a while to work or you might need to try again (not sure why!).