CITING SOURCES

PRECIOUS C. MIRO-MODANZA
Teacher II
Lambunao National High School – Senior High School

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 citation
✓ is the means by which you
credit other researchers and
writers when you use their
work in your papers.
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 What am I citing?
1. Book- a collection of books that provides
information about a certain topic.
2. Magazines- a popular work published periodically
(weekly, monthly, etc.) focusing on a specific
subject of interest.
3. Newspaper- a periodical publication containing
news, events, interview and opinion article.
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 What am I citing?
4.Computer- a collection of electronic materials
that provides information about acer tain topic.
5. Journal- a scholarly work published
periodically containing highly classified
research.
6. Film- a motion picture or movie. Can be
fictional, documentary or even YOUTUBE Videos.
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 Reference Styles
APA (American Psychological Association) is
an author/date-based style. This means emphasis is
placed on the author and the date of a piece of
work to uniquely identify it.
MLA (Modern Language Association) is most
often applied in the arts and humanities, particularly
in the U.S.A
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 Reference Styles
HARVARD is very similar to APA. It is the
most well used referencing style in the UK and
Australia, and it is encouraged for the use with
the humanities.
CHICAGO and TURABIAN are two separate
styles but very similar. They are also widely used
for history and economics. 6
 The TWO forms/types of citation

IN-TEXT-CITATION - indicate the source

within the body of text
REFERENCE CITATION - complete
bibliographic information which usually appears at
the end of the paper
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 in a Reference list In-text citation
APA 7th edition

Meligrito, M. L. , & Mendoza, D. (2016) Meligrito(2016) states

Applied Research: Introduction to that……....
Quantitative Research and Methods
and Report Writing: Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc.

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MLA 8th Edition
Meligrito, Ma. Lourdes and Diana
Mendoza.
Applied Research: Introduction
to Quantitative Research and
Methods and Report Writing.
Phoenix Publishing House,
Inc., 2016, pp. 78
9 78).
According to Ma.
Lourdes Melegrito and
Diana Mendoza,
literature review
is……………….. (78).
Literature review
is………………...
(Meligrito and Mendoza
Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition
Meligrito, Ma. Lourdes and Diana Literature review
Mendoza. Applied Research: is…………………
Introduction to Quantitative (Meligrito and Mendoza,
Research and Methods and 78).
Report Writing. (Quezon City:
Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.,
2016), 78

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 APA Style
(7 edition, 2020)
th

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USING SOURCES WITHIN the TEXT
(In-Text Citation)

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✓ follow the author-date method of in-
text citation
✓ author's(s’) last name or name of
source, and the year of publication for
the source, should appear in the text
(Modanza, 2022)
✓ complete reference information should
appear in the References list

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Is there any way to say,
I CANNOT GET YOU OUT OF MY HEAD?

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SUMMARIZE
PARAPHRASE
QUOTATION
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Examples:
✓Falk (2013) claims that the most
stigmatized women were unmarried
mothers . . .
✓In a recent study of mental illness
(Falk, 2013) . . .
✓In 2013, Falk discussed mental illness
as . . .
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For one or two authors, use both
names each time you use the
source:
✓Smith and Jones (2018) state that . . .
✓Smith and Jones (2018) further point
out that . . .

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For one or two authors, use both
names each time you use the source:
✓Smith and Jones (2018) state that . . .
✓Smith and Jones (2018) further point
out that . . .

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The year can be omitted in subsequent
citations only when multiple citations of the
same source
are used within the paragraph:

Example:
Smith et al. further state that . . .

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Paraphrase the majority of your
sources.
The rule is to only directly quote no
more than approximately 10-15% of
your sources (see APA 8.23-24).

For long paraphrases, you need not cite

each sentence (see APA Fig. 8.4).
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IF NO AUTHOR IS GIVEN
Example:
A similar study of students learning to
format research papers was conducted in
2010 by J. Webber (“Using APA,” 2014).
When you are citing an article or web page that lists no
author, use an abbreviated version of the title, in quotation
marks, to substitute for the name of the author (see APA sec.
6.15). Note that the comma goes inside the quotation marks.
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 NO DATE
If you are citing a work without a date,
use the abbreviation n.d. (for "no date"):
Example:
In another study of students and research
decisions, it was discovered that students
succeeded with tutoring (Merriman, n.d.).
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SOURCE (PRIMARY) WITHIN A SOURCE (SECONDARY)
Example:
James C. Dobson’s book (primary source) is used
in an article written by Carlin Romano
(secondary source), and you did not read
Dobson’s book, list the Romano reference in your
References page.

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SOURCE (PRIMARY) WITHIN A SOURCE (SECONDARY)
In the text, cite as follows:
An infected person may spread poliomyelitis
to others immediately before and up to 2
weeks after symptoms appear (Dobson, 2017,
as cited in Romano, 2019).

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SOURCE (PRIMARY) WITHIN A SOURCE (SECONDARY)
Or:
In Seidenberg and McClelland's 2009
study (as cited in Coltheart et al.,
2012), reading skills improvement
varied considerably under these
conditions. 25
SHORT QUOTATIONS
Example:
According to Falk (2013), "A subculture
is a group who have had significantly
different experiences from those of
most members of any society" (p. 303).

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SHORT QUOTATIONS
Example:
According to Falk (2013), "A subculture
is a group who have had significantly
different experiences from those of
most members of any society" (p. 303).

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 Quotations
If you are directly quoting from a
work, you must include the
author, year of publication, and
the page number for the
reference.
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Short quotations:

To indicate quotations of fewer than 40

words in your text, enclose the quotation
within double quotation marks.
Provide the author, year, and specific page
citation in the text, and include a
complete reference in the reference list.
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Short quotations:
Punctuation marks, such as periods,
commas, and semicolons, should appear
after the parenthetical citation.
Question marks and exclamation points
should appear within the quotation marks
if they are a part of the quotation but after
the parenthetical citation if they are a part
of your text.
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LONG QUOTATIONS
Example:
Falk (2013) points out that:
Because deinstitutionalization places the burden of
care on the family[,] this is really a feminist issue since
in our culture women are the prime caregivers for ill
persons who remain at home. This may mean that a
woman’s career will be disrupted or destroyed by
the chronic mental illness of a family member. (p. 53)

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Place quotations longer than 40 words
in a freestanding block of typewritten,
double-spaced lines, and omit
quotation marks.

Start the quotation on a new line and

indent the whole block ½” from the text
above it.
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Type the entire quotation using the new
margin, and indent the first line of any
subsequent paragraph within the
quotation five spaces from the new
margin.

The parenthetical citation should come

one space after the closing punctuation
mark. 33
 ACRONYMS
Example:
According to the World Health Organization
(WHO, 2019),…

… these numbers have continued to increase

(WHO, 2018).

The number of such births rose in 2014 (World

Health Organization [WHO], 2018).
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 THE REFERENCE LIST
➢ go to Millikin’s Writing Center
➢ check the 7th edition of the APA Publication
Manual
➢ or consult the APA style website at
http://www.apastyle.org/
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The References list appears immediately
after your paper. It provides the information
necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve
any cited information in the body of the paper.

Each source cited in the paper must appear

in the References list; likewise, each entry in
the References list must be used and cited in
the text.
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CITING A BOOK
LeFever Kee, J., Hayes, E. R., & McCuistion, L. E.

(2015). Pharmacology: A patient-centered

nursing process approach.

Elsevier/Saunders. 37
BASIC RULES
✓ All authors' names are inverted (last name
first); give the last name and initials for all
authors of a particular work.
✓ If an author uses more than one initial,
place one space between each initial
(example: Hayes, E. R.)
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BASIC RULES
✓ Alphabetized by authors' last names or
corporate/organization names.

✓ If you have more than one work by a particular

author, order them by publication date, starting
with the oldest (a 2016 article would be listed
before a 2018 article).

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BASIC RULE
✓ Do not use “Retrieved from” either for a DOI
or a URL; simply provide the link. However,
for sources that are unstable or change
over time (e.g. dictionary entries, websites
that update frequently, etc.), a retrieval date
is used, placed before the URL.
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 Examples from
Electronic Sources
 DOI and URL
✓ Always use the DOI if it is listed.
✓ Standardize DOIs into the current,

preferred format, even though the article

presented the DOI in the older format.
Format example:
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0040251

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Online content tends to be moved, restructured,
or deleted, which results in broken hyperlinks and
nonworking URLs.
Thus, scholarly publishers assign a digital object
identifier or DOI to articles and other documents
in order to provide a persistent link and maintain
retrievability.
A DOI may be found in scholarly journal articles,
but it may appear with other kinds of sources as
well.
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 DOI and URL
✓ There is no space between DOI and the number
itself
✓ No period follows the DOI at the end of the citation
✓ DOI is usually located on the first page of the
electronic article, can also be located on the Full
Record Display Search page of an article or at the
end of an article

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ONLINE MAGAZINE ARTICLE (not a journal)
Bergeson, S. (2019, January 4). Really cool neutral

plasmas. Science 363 (6422), 33-34.

https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau7988

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ONLINE NEWSPAPER ARTICLE (not a journal)
Guarino, B. (2017, December 4). How will humanity react to a

lien life? Psychologists have some predictions. The

Washington Post. https://washingtonpost.com/news/

speaking-of-science/wp/2017/12/4/how-will-humanity-

react-to-alien-life-psychologists-have-somepredictions
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 AUTHORED ebook
Christian, B., & Griffiths, T. Algorithms to live

by: The computer science of human

decisions. Henry Holt and Co.

http://a.co.7qGBZAk

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 ONLINE REFERENCE WORK (No Author)
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Culture. In Merriam- Webster.com

dictionary. Retrieved September 9, 2019, from

https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/culture

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 NEWS WEBPAGE
Avramova, N. (2019, January 3). The secret to a long, happy, healthy life?

Think age-positive. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/03/health/

respect-toward-elderly-leads-to-longlife-intl/index.html

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WEBPAGE with GROUP AUTHOR
World Health Organization. (2018, March). Questions and

answers on immunization and vaccine safety.

https://www.who.int/features/qa/84/en/

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YOUTUBE or other STREAMING VIDEO
University of Oxford. (2018, December 6). How do geckos walk

on water [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/

watch?v+qm1xGfOZJc8

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 TASK
Read the following paragraph from an article taken
online. Cite source using:

1. In-text Citation (use summarizing, paraphrasing or

quotation)

2. Reference List
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Source: Time
Title: The Philippines Still Hasn't Fully
Reopened Its Schools Because Of Covid-
19. What Is This Doing To Children?
Author: Chad De Guzman
Date: December 1, 2021
Url: https://time.com/6124045/school-
closures-covid-education-philippines/
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But while other countries have taken the opportunity to resume
in-person classes, the Philippines has lagged behind. After 20
months of pandemic prevention measures, amounting to one
of the world’s longest lockdowns, only 5,000 students, in just
over 100 public schools, have been allowed to go back to class
in a two-month trial program—a tiny fraction of the 27 million
public school students who enrolled this year. The Philippines
must be one of a very few countries, if not the only country, to
remain so reliant on distance learning. It has become a vast
experiment in life without in-person schooling.

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POSSIBLE ANSWER: In-text Citation
For more than two years of working against COVID-
19, only 5,000 out of 27 million students enrolled in
public schools in the school year 2021-2022 were
allowed to attend face-to-face classes (de Guzman,
2021).

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 ANSWER: Reference List
De Guzman, C. (2021, December 1). The Philippines still hasn’t
fully reopened its schools because of COVID-19. What is
this doing to children. Time. https://time.com/6124045/
school-closures-covid-education-philippines/

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 Citing Sources: Things to Avoid
✘ Plagiarism
is using someone else’s work or ideas as your
own with or without their consent by incorporating
it into your work without full acknowledgment.
✘ Irrelevant quotations
✘ Un-introduced quotations
Thank you!
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