Referencing

Harvard
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 REFERENCING IN YOUR ASSIGNMENTS

The Harvard System

 Most of your assignments at university are based on
other people’s ideas or other information that you
have read in books, journals, electronic or other
sources.
 In your essays or reports, it is necessary to show that
the information you are using is from the readings and
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is not your own.
 In other words, when you use any information that someone
else has provided, you must acknowledge (or cite) where the
information came from (the source), even if you do not use the
author’s exact words.
 If you do not acknowledge your sources of information, you
are ‘stealing’ other people’s work and handling it as your own.
This is called PLAGIARISM.

 Plagiarism is a serious matter in western universities. If you

plagiarise, your assignment may be failed, and you may even

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fail the course.
 PARAPHRASING


Paraphrasing involves taking the general idea

from a source, then changing the vocabulary and

sentence structure as much as practicable. If you

paraphrase, you must give the author’s surname

and the year of publication only.

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 PARAPHRASING

It has been suggested that motivation

has a profound influence on student
success rates (Maine 1998).
(You may also decide to make the
author’s name an active part of the
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sentence)
 PARAPHRASING

Maine (1998) claimed that motivation has a

very great influence on student success rates.

OR

According to Maine (1998), motivation greatly

affects whether students pass or fail. 6

 QUOTATIONS
 When you use the exact words from the

source, you must use quotation marks (inverted

commas) and include the page number(s).

 It has been claimed that “Motivation is the

most important single factor in determining

student success rates” (Maine 1998:16). 7

 QUOTATIONS


Maine (1998:16) claimed that

“motivation is the most important

single factor in determining student

success rates.” 8
 QUOTATIONS (CONTINUED)


Quotations of three lines or more (30-50

words) should be indented in a one-size

smaller font. Use the line spacing as your

assignments (1.5 line spacing). Do not use

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quotation marks.
 QUOTATIONS

Motivation is the single most significant factor in the

learning process.

Many highly motivated students who have been

perceived as having inadequate proficiency in English
have achieved good results at university

(Maine,1992:23)

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 SOME VARIATIONS IN THE AUTHOR-DATE
SYSTEM


1. Preventing confusion
You may refer to different articles or books
published by the same author when they
were published in the same year. To avoid
in-text referencing confusion, refer to them
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in the following way.
 SOME VARIATIONS IN THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM


Jackson (1998a) found that many students suffer
from acute homesickness, and this often affects
their performance (Jackson 1998b).
 The source first referred to in the essay is given
the “a” designation.
 In your list of references, Jackson 1998a would
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be listed before Jackson 1998b.
2. Two Authors
You may use a source that has two authors.
Give the surnames in the order in which
they appear in the title of the source.
Nguyen and Ling (2000) claimed that...
OR
Studies found that... (Nguyen and Ling 2000)
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3. Three Authors

When there are three authors, when you first

mention the source, give all the surnames in their

original order. If you refer to that source again,

give only the first author’s surname and then ‘et

al’ (from the Latin, meaning ‘and others’).

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 THREE AUTHORS


Maine, Jahood and Salud (2000) were

the first to suggest that... The study also

found that...(Maine et al 2000).

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4. More than Three Authors
When there are more than three authors, you use
the surname of the first author and et al every time.
In some Faculities, it is becoming acceptable to use
the English words ‘and others’. In the List of
References or Bibliography at the end of your
assignment, you need to list all the authors in their
original order (as they appear on the title page of
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the book).
 SECONDARY SOURCES

Sometimes you may read an article by one author who
refers to an article by another author. For example, you
read an article by Bradley (the primary source) who refers to
another study by Montierre. Montierre is then a secondary
source. You have not consulted his work directly. You
express this in the following way:
Montierre (2000 cited in Bradley 2001) found that ...
It is also acceptable to omit the word “cited”.
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Montierre (2000 in Bradley 2001) found that ...
 SECONDARY SOURCES

 However, your List of References or

Bibliography, include only the source you
consulted yourself (the primary source).
Therefore, in the example of the previous
slide, cite Bradley 2001 and not Montierre
2000 in the List of References or Bibliography.
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 PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
 You may sometimes want to refer to a
conversation with a person who is recognized
authority on the subject you are writing about.
They are to be cited in text only and not in the
reference list as they cannot be checked,
Surname, initials and an exact date are
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required.
 PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
(M Radford, personal communication, 27 August 2000)
 You may also want to refer to a point made during a
lecture.

(McDonald, Lecture, 3 March 2000)

Similarly, the in-text reference to the lecture will not

appear in the reference list.
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 Example of an in-text electronic reference using the
Harvard System

 Studies have found a link between Art and the results

of studies in human perception during that period
(Barton 2000. Accessed 27 August 2001).
 In your List of References or Bibliography at the end
of your assignment, electronic sources should be
presented in the same general form as references to
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printed materials.
 EXAMPLE OF AN IN-TEXT ELECTRONIC
REFERENCE USING THE HARVARD SYSTEM
1.Include the first author’s surname, then first name(s)
or initial(s) and the name of the relevant institution.

2. The full title of the article.

3. The full http address.

4. When the site was last updated (or modified or

revised), if given, and the date on which you
accessed (or visited) the site.
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EXAMPLE OF A WEB SITE REFERENCE AS IT WOULD
APPEAR IN A LIST OF REFERENCES OR
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Smith, T.BBC News. Impressionism.
http://www.news.bbcco.uk/I/hi/world/261152.stm
Last updated 23 January 2000
[Accessed 2 September 2001]

Murphy, B. Soaring urbanisation. Taiwan Times.

http://www.etaiwannews.com/Population/2000.htm
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[Accessed 10 June 2002]
 WRITING THE LIST OF REFERENCES
 When you have finished your assignment, you must
attach a full and detailed list of all the sources you have
referred to.

The following conventions must be followed:

1. Entries must be in alphabetical order of surname or

titles.

2. Each entry must be single-spaced, with double-spacing

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between entries.
 WRITING THE LIST OF REFERENCES

3.Each book entry must consist of the author(s),

The date of publication, title details, place of

publication and publisher, in that order.

4.Titles of books, journals, magazines or

newspapers must be in italics (or underlined

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when handwritten).
5.Titles of books, journals, magazines or newspapers

must be in Title Case (the first word and every

subsequent important word should be capitalised).

6.Titles of articles must be in Sentence Case (only

the first word and all proper nouns should be

capitalised).
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7. Book titles must include the edition. However, do NOT

include the first edition- it is assumed. Provide any relevant

details given on the title page such as series, translator or

original title.

8.An academic journal must include volume, number, and

page numbers of the article.

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9. Punctuation marks must be consistent.
 LISTING YOUR REFERENCES

Jackson, J. (1998a). Learning Processes. London:

Rhodes Press.
Jackson, J. (1998b). Issues in the Classroom.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Academic Journal Article with author
Smith, Thomas. (2002 September). Higher education
issues in the social sciences. Tesol Quarterly, 30(3). p.
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30-42.
Article from online newspaper, magazine or
journal with no author
Lieberman pledges to gloss over the boring
issues. The Onion,39(40). [Online]
http://www.theonion.com/3940/topstory.ml
Last updated 15 September 2003 [Accessed
2 October 2004]

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Article from online newspaper, magazine or
journal with author
Murphy, Brian. Soaring cost raises questions
about value of hosting Olympics. Taiwan
News.
http://www.etaiwannews.com/Sports/2004/0
7/03/1091153815 htm
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Newspaper or magazine article with no
author
US limiting visas for high-tech workers.
(2003, 20 August). Canberra Times.p.12
In text paraphrase (US limiting visas
2003)
In text quote (US limiting visas 2003:12) 31
Newspaper or magazine article with
author
Cronin, Danielle. (2003, 18 September).
Canberra Times. P.12-13
In text paraphrase (Cronin 2003)
In text quote (Cronin 2003:13)
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Academic Journal Article with author

Smith, Thomas. (2002 September). Higher

education issues in the social sciences. Tesol
Quarterly, 30(3). p. 30-42.
In text paraphrase (Smith 2002)
In text quote (Smith 2002:32)
(note that the volume number is italicised. The
series number appears in round brackets followed
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by the page numbers).
 REFERENCES
Referencing and Assignment writing
https://utas.libguides.com/referencing/Harv
ard
[Accessed 10 April 2020]

Paraphrasing
https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu/content
/1sdyskills/study_tuts/harvard_ll/paraphrase.
html 34

[Accessed 10 April 2020]