Harvard Referencing

By

Zainudin Johari
Senior Lecturer

B Sc. (Hons) Computer Science, UPM

M Sc. Computer Science (Information Systems) UPM
 Harvard Referencing
Why you have to use it
 Evidence of background reading
 Acknowledge the research of others
 Avoid accusations of plagiarism
 Makes you include complete information
 Easy to trace the background research used
 Helps other researchers
Quotes or Paraphrasing?
 ‘Quotes’ are – an exact replication of
someones elses words in your work
 ‘Paraphrasing’ is – rewording someone elses
idea and including it in your work

It is better practice to PARAPHRASE in your

work
Why Paraphrase?
 Direct quotes disrupt the flow of your work
 Your writing should be YOUR writing
 We are interested in YOUR understanding of
an idea
 Paraphrasing allows you to explain and
discuss an idea in your own way
Referencing
 You must reference any facts in your work
that have come from another source (this is
basically everything in your essay!)
 Referencing does not only apply to direct
quotes – you must also reference ideas
which you have paraphrased
 Scientific essays are often very heavily
referenced
 Referencing - Harvard Style

A guide…

 How to refer to writers in your texts

 A formula for each type of resource, i.e.
video, book, journal, electronic journal, web
page
 How to create a proper reference list and
bibliography
 Harvard Referencing
Where can you get help?

 On my website
www.zjedu.blogspot.com

 On any other university website

 On the Internet

 Ask your tutor

 Harvard Referencing
Some language explained
 CITING - acknowledging in the text
 CITATION - the passage or words quoted
within your text
 REFERENCE LIST - list of sources
 REFERENCE - detailed description of works
used
 BIBLIOGRAPHY – list of sources used to
inform your work but not cited in your text
 Harvard Referencing
How does it work?

There are 2 elements to referencing other

people’s work:
 The first is in the body of the text or in the
middle of your essay or report, when you
refer to someone’s ideas.
 The second is at the back of your work when
you list everything you have referred to in full.
 Citing in the text

 Authors surname and year of publication in

brackets
e.g.
The work of Smith (1998) and Jones (2000)
emphasised the importance of quality in CAM
research.
 Citing in the text
Direct Quotes
 Name, Year and Page number appear in
brackets
e.g.
“Without any doubt, nutrition can make us
better suited to cope with life and provide a
biochemically sound physical body for the
Life Force to inhabit.” (Plaskett, 2004 pg
B.15)
 Citing in the text
Multiple Authors
 Multiple authors:
Cutler, T. Williams, K. & Williams, J. (1986)
believe that the fermentation process is
prolonged by such low temperatures.

 Or:
Matlock, J. et al. (1996) discussed the use of
electronic databases.
 Citing in the text
Electronic Sources

 Electronic journal and web site with an

author:
Cite the author and date as usual.

e.g.
Turner (2001) has created many useful
graphs showing the transition between the
different age groups.
 Citing in the text
Electronic Sources
 Web site without author:
Where the web page has no author, use the
title of the page or the copyright owner as the
point of reference.
e.g.
A recent study (Imperial Cancer
Research Fund, 2000) has stated that
lung cancer is the most common form of
the disease in the UK.
 The Reference List
What is it?

 Alphabetical list at the end of your work

 The reference list gives the FULL reference
 It is to make sure that you do not miss out a
crucial fact and then fail to trace that work
again
 The most important thing to remember is to
keep your reference list consistent
 BOOKS
Include the following information:
 Author(s) / Editor(s) / Organisation
 Year in brackets
 Title and Subtitle (Italics).
 Series (if present).
 Edition.
 Place of publication,
 Publisher.
 Book Reference
In the Reference List
e.g.
Mitchell, A. & Cormack, M. (1998) The
Therapeutic Relationship in Complementary
Health Care. London, Churchill Livingstone.

e.g.
McKenna, J. (1996) Alternatives to
Antibiotics. London, Struik Publishers Ltd.
 Example Exercise

You have read a book called ‘Referencing

Rocks!’.
It was published in 2002.
The location of the publisher is London.
The publishers name is Dullard Press Ltd and
it was written by R. U. Kiddin.

Translate this into a Harvard Reference

 Right order and punctuation

Kiddin, R. U. (2002)
Referencing Rocks.
London,
Dullard Press Ltd.
 Correct Reference

Kiddin, R.U. (2002) Referencing Rocks.

London, Dullard Press Ltd.
 Journal Articles
Include the following information:
 Author(s) of article
 Year in brackets
 Article title.
 Journal title (Italics),
 Volume, Part, Issue, Month/Season
 Page numbers.
 Journal Article
In the bibliography
e.g.
Field, C.J. & Schley P. D. (2002) Nutrients
and their role in host resistance to infection.
Journal of Leukocyte Biology,
71 (1), 16-32.
 Example Exercise

You have read in a journal called ‘The

Nutrition Practitioner’ an article called
‘Periodontal Disease and CHD.’
It is written by George Jones.
It was published this year.
It is issue number 2.
It is on pages 225 - 238 and is volume
number 25.
Translate this into a Harvard reference
 Right order and punctuation

Jones, G. (2005)
Periodontal Disease and CHD.
The Nutrition Practitioner,
25 (2)
225-238.
 Correct Reference

Jones, G. (2005) Periodontal Disease and

CHD. The Nutrition Practitioner, 25 (2), 225-
238.
 Web Pages
Include the following information:
 Author(s) / Editor(s) if known
 Year (in brackets)
 Title (Italics)
 [Online].
 Edition
 Place of publication,
 Publisher’s name (if available).
 Available from: <URL>
 [Date accessed].
 Web Page
In the Reference List:
e.g. Sharma, Y. (2003) Vaccination Controversy:
Safety and Side Effects [Internet]. London, Positive
Health Publications Ltd. Available from:
<http://www.positivehealth.com/articles.asp?
i=1494> [Accessed 5 March 2005].

e.g. The Food Standards Agency. (2005) GM

Labelling [Internet]. London, Food Standards
Agency. Available from:
<http://www.food.gov.uk/gmfoods/gm_labelling>
[Accessed 5 March 2005].
 Sample Reference List
Field, C.J. & Schley, P. D. (2002) Nutrients and
their role in host resistance to infection. Journal of
Leukocyte Biology,
71 (1), 16-32.

Jones, G. (2005) Periodontal Disease and CHD.

The Nutrition Practitioner, 25 (2), 225-238.

Sharma, Y. (2003) Vaccination Controversy: Safety

and Side Effects [Internet]. London, Positive Health
Publications Ltd. Available
from:<http://www.positivehealth.com/articles.asp?
i=1494> [Accessed 5 March 2005].