CITATION AND REFERENCES

- Work ethics
- Avoiding plagiarism
- Quotations and references
 WHY CITATION AND REFERENCES?
Accurate referencing enhances your credibility
and authority as a writer

Referencing your sources acknowledges the work

of the original authors

It helps others to locate the same sources for their

own learning purposes

It also helps you to assert your „own voice‟ in

assignments, as you can use sources to lend
support to your own ideas or arguments

To avoid plagiarism, you must give credit

by citing sources
 PLAGIARISM
 Plagiarism is the act of taking words, ideas or
information from others and presenting them as
your own.
 EXAMPLES OF PLAGIARISM
 Copying & pasting from a source into your work without
attribution
 Purchasing a paper online or from another person

 Turning in the same work in two different tasks (self-

plagiarism)
 Failing to put quotation marks around direct quotes in
your work
 Copying a diagram, image, graph, or photo into your work
without referencing the source
 Copying & pasting text and changing just a few words or
phrases to “put it into your own words” as patch writing
 Using information gained in a personal interview or
conversation without citing the source
 PLAGIARISM
Therefore, when you use the work of others, it‟s
important to clearly and correctly cite that
content to indicate that it isn‟t your original work.
 PRIMARY OR SECONDARY SOURCES
What is a primary source?
 A document containing first-hand information
or original data on a topic.
 Interviews, diaries, letters, journals, original
hand-written manuscripts, government
documents,
What is a secondary source?
 A source that is one step removed from the
original event or experience: analysis,
description, criticism or interpretation of a
primary source
 Textbooks, review articles, biographies,
historical films, music and art, articles
CREATING THE “REFERENCES” LIST
 Normally, all works cited in in-text citations in the
body paragraphs are identified in an alphabetical
list of “References.”

 Thislist of “References” is then included as the last

page of the document.
 THE FORMAT
If the in-text citation looks like this:
Yanovski and Smiths report that “the current state of
the
treatment for obesity is similar to the state of the
treatment
of hypertension several decades ago” (2002, p.
600)

The References entry will look like this:

Yanovski, S. Z. & Smiths, J. A. (2002). Drug Therapy:
Obesity. The New England Journal of Medicine,
346,
pp. 591-602.
Most References entries follow basic APA pattern:
Article in a Journal:
Author last name, Author first name. (Year). Title of
article. Title of Journal, volume number, page number
range.

Rasmussen, L. and Sieck, W. (2012). Strategies for

Developing Expertise in the Military. Military Review,
92(2), 71–80.
 a Book:
Author last name, Author first name. (Year). Title of
Book. State of Publication: Name of Publisher

Hutchinson, T. and Waters, A. (1987). English for

Specific Purposes: A Learner - centered Approach.
Cambridge: CUP.
 Article from a Library Database:
Author name/s. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal,
vol.#, page range. Retrieved on Month, Date, Year, from
Database Name (Document#).

Thuan, D. (2011). Women’s Virtues. Women’s

Magazine, 8, 22, Retrieved on 13/08/2013
<http://newsinedu.edu.vn>.
 WEB PAGE OR WEB SITE
 Last
name(s), initial(s) of the author(s).
Publication or last updated date. Title. [URL-
address]. Accession date.

Little, J.W. and Parker, R. (2010). How to read a

scientific paper. Accessed August 24, 2011.
[http://www.owlnet.rice.edus/HowToReadSciArt
icle.pdf].
Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. (2007).
Emissions 1990-2006. Accessed 26 August 2008.
[http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-
English/Menu/Climate-change/].
 REFERENCES
Vietnamese
Tổng cục Chính trị (2003). Giáo dục học quân sự. Nxb
Quân đội nhân dân, Hà Nội.
English
Boulding, K.E. (1995). Economics Analysis. London:
Hamish Hamilton.
Chinese
....
French
...
Russian
...
 REFERENCES
Hutchinson, T. and Waters, A. (1987). English for Specific
Purposes: A Learner-centered Approach.
Cambridge: CUP.
Rasmussen, L. and Sieck, W. (2012). Strategies for
Developing and Practicing Cross-cultural Expertise
in the Military. Military Review, 92(2), 71–80.
Thuan, D. (2011). Women’s Virtues. Retrieved on
13/08/2013 <http://newsinedu.edu.vn>.
Watson, J. (2010). Language and Culture Training: Separate
paths?, Military Review, 90(2), 93–97.
TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR:
Use the author’s name for all entries. List the entries by
year, the earliest first.
Schlechty, P. C. (1997). ….
Schlechty, P. C. (2001). …
_____________ (2003). …
TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR
IN THE SAME YEAR:
List the works alphabetically by title. In the
parentheses, following the year, add “a,” “b,” c,” etc.

Durgin, P. A. (2003a). Children Behaviors …..

___________ (2003b). Treating Obesity ……...
 BOOK WITH AN EDITOR:

For a book with an editor but no author, begin with the

name of the editor (or editors) followed by the
abbreviation “Ed.” (or “Eds.”) in parentheses:
Bronfen, E., & Kavka, M. (Eds.). (2001), Feminist
Consequences: Theory
for a new century. New
York: Columbia University Press.
 ARTICLE OR CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK:
After the author, year of publication, and title of the article or
chapter, write “In” and give the editor’s name, followed by
“Ed.” in parentheses; the title of the book; and the page
numbers of the article or chapter in parentheses. End with the
book’s publication information:
Luban, D. (2000), The Ethics of Wrongful Obedience.
In D. L. Rhode
(Ed.), Ethics in practice: Lawyers’
roles, responsibilities, and regulation (pp. 94-120).
New York: Oxford University Press.
 SOURCES
General Rules:
 Paraphrase as much as you can.
 Use direct quotations when citing
numerical data such as statistics.
 Use an author‟s words if they capture a
point exactly.
When to put the source in your paper:
A direct quote
A statistic

An idea that is not your own

Someone else‟s opinion

Knowledge not considered “common”

 PARAPHRASING AND SUMMARIZING
 Evenif you paraphrase
or summarize,
YOU STILL MUST
ACKNOWLEDGE
YOUR SOURCE!!
 USE VIVID VERBS TO INTRODUCE QUOTES
• Some alternatives to said or says…
• All in the present tense

describe assess admit show report

illustrate find concede see complain
note predict concur think comment
observes insist grant bemoan condemn
Point out maintain lament argue state
relate suggest warn suppose speculate
HOW INCORPORATE QUOTES INTO YOUR WRITING
Suggested Sentence Starters:
The text states…
According to the passage,…
One example from the text is that…
The author claims…
Commentary the response should end with you
explaining or interpreting the significance of the
evidence.
This shows…
This demonstrates…
This proves…
Williams (2019) claims that ….
 IN-TEXT CITATIONS: RULES AND EXAMPLES
There was no relationship (Nkumbe,
Paraphrase
2016).

Paraphrase, author in text Nkumbe (2016) found that....

Quote She stated, "...." (Lopez, 2015, p. 15).

Quote, author in text Lopez (2015) states that, "....." (p. 15).

Quote from a website (use

She stated, "...." (Lopez, 2014, para. 5).
paragraph numbers)

Nothing was proven (Nkumbe &

Two authors
Lopez, 2016).
Two authors, authors in
Nkumbe and Lopez (2016) found that....
text
SCIENTIFIC WRITING: VERB TENSE REVIEW
ADSTRACT INTRODUCTION METHODS
PAST: PRESENT: PAST:
talk about actual talk about general talk about what
results background you did (passive
PRESENT: information voice is common)
talk about general PRE. PERFECT/ PRESENT:
facts, the paper PRESENT: explain tables/
itself or analysis of talk about previous figures
findings research Ex: Table 1 shows…
RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSION
PAST: PRESENT: PAST:
talk about actual interpret and talk refer to your
results about significance completed research
PRESENT: of findings PRESENT: talk
explain tables/ PAST: about implications
figures briefly summarize and suggest future
Ex: Table 1 shows… findings research