RCE2601 LESSON 6: REFERENCING AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Referencing

Harvard referencing, also known as the Harvard citation style or Harvard referencing
system, is a widely used referencing format that is commonly used in academic
writing. It is named after the author-date citation method employed in the Harvard
University system. The Harvard style provides a way to acknowledge and cite
sources used in a research paper or academic document.

In Harvard referencing, in-text citations include the author's last name and the year
of publication of the source within parentheses. For example:

"According to Smith (2018), climate change has significant implications for global
ecosystems."

At the end of the document, a reference list is provided, which includes complete
bibliographic details of the sources cited in the text. The reference list is organized
alphabetically by the authors' last names. The format for the reference list entry
depends on the type of source being cited (e.g., book, journal article, website, etc.).

Here are some examples of Harvard-style reference list entries for different types of
sources:

Book:

Author(s) Last Name(s), Initial(s). (Year). Title of Book. Place of Publication:

Publisher.

Example: Smith, J. (2019). The Power of Habit. New York, NY: Random House.

Journal Article:

Author(s) Last Name(s), Initial(s). (Year). Title of Article. Title of Journal,

Volume(Issue), Page Range.

Example: Johnson, M., & Thompson, A. (2017). The Role of Technology in

Education. Journal of Educational Technology, 25(3), 123-135.

Website:
Author(s) Last Name(s), Initial(s) or Organization Name. (Year). Title of Web Page.
Retrieved from URL

Example: World Health Organization. (2021). COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution.

Retrieved from https://www.who.int/covid-19/vaccine-distribution

2. Bibliography

A bibliography is a list of sources that you have consulted or cited in your research
paper, essay, or any other academic work. It provides detailed information about
each source to help readers locate and verify the information you have used.

The purpose of a bibliography is to give credit to the original authors and researchers
whose work you have referenced, and to provide your readers with the necessary
information to locate those sources themselves. It also serves as a way to
demonstrate the depth and breadth of your research and to give credibility to your
work.

A bibliography typically includes the following information for each source:

Author(s): The name(s) of the author(s) or creator(s) of the work.

Title: The title of the book, article, or other source.

Publication Information: The publication details, such as the name of the publisher,
place of publication, and publication date.

Page Numbers: The specific page numbers or range of pages you have referenced,
if applicable.

URL or DOI: If the source is online, include the URL or DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
to provide a direct link to the source.

The format and style of a bibliography can vary depending on the referencing style
you are using, such as APA (American Psychological Association), MLA (Modern
Language Association), Chicago, or Harvard. Each style has its own specific
guidelines for formatting and organizing the information in the bibliography.

When creating a bibliography, it's important to be consistent with the chosen

referencing style and accurately include all the necessary information for each
source. This helps readers to easily locate and access the sources you have used
and ensures that you are giving proper credit to the original authors.

Example
Books:
Smith, J. (2018). The Art of Programming. Boston, MA: Example Publishing.

Journal Articles:
Brown, A., & Johnson, R. (2020). The Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity. Environmental Sc

Websites:
World Health Organization. (2022). COVID-19 Vaccination Progress. Retrieved from https://www.w

Newspaper Articles:
Doe, J. (2021, March 15). New Study Shows Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Cognitive Performanc

Conference Proceedings:
Johnson, S., & Anderson, M. (2019). Enhancing Data Security in Cloud Computing. In Proceeding
York, NY: ACM.

Study guide
Sibiya, J. (2022). Study Guide: Teaching Practice 3. University of Zululand.