Writing the

Review
of Related
Literature
Pepito E. Saldo, Jr.
 Objectives
• describe and understand the elements of the
Review of Related Literature (ROL) in action
research, its purposes of writing, its possible
sources, the qualities of good ROL materials, and
the stages in writing it
• use free-access online libraries and educational
journals as sources of the ROL
• apply the American Psychological Association
(APA) style in writing a quality ROL
Assessment School nutrition Instructional practices
Community/Business partnerships Technology

Behavioral issues Mentoring Student/Teacher health

Common problems among

schools
Curriculum Parent involvement School schedules
Transportation concerns School programs

Professional learning communities School planning

What should my ROL
contain?
1. What research still needs to be done

Parental
involvement
 2. The key issues which underlie your
action research
 Parenting
 Communicating
 Volunteering
of  Learning at
Parental home
 Decision-
Involveme
3.The general conclusions
about related researches
4. The knowledge gaps that your action
research will aim to fill
In short, your ROL should contain what

Needs to be done
Issues
Conclusions
Knowledge gaps
What are the purposes
of ROL?
• To obtain background knowledge of your
research
• To relate your research to the current
condition or situation of the world
• To show the capacity of your research
work to introduce new knowledge
• To increase your understanding of the
underlying theories, principles, or
concepts of your research
• To expand, prove, or disprove the
findings of previous researches
• To explain technical terms involved in
your research

Example: Altruistic cooperation – helping others without

consideration of oneself
• To avoid repeating previous researches
• To recommend the necessity of further
research on a certain topic
Where is ROL located in my proposal?
1. Context and Rationale
2. Review of Related Literature
3. Action Research Questions
4. Proposed Innovation, Intervention, and Strategy
5. Action Research Methods
a. Participants and/or other Sources of Data and Information
b. Data Gathering Methods
c. Data Analysis Plan
6. Work Plan
7. Cost Estimates
8. Plans for Dissemination and Timeliness
9. References
What are the possible
sources
of ROL?
Books, encyclopedias, almanacs, and other
similar references
Articles published in professional journals,
magazines and newspapers
Unpublished theses and dissertations
The constitution and the laws and statutes
of the land
Bulletins, circulars, and orders from
government offices and departments
Reports of schools, public and private,
especially reports of their activities
What are the qualities of
good ROL materials?
•Recent
•
Enough
•Factual
•Objective
•Relevant
 Recent
Enough
In short, your ROL
should contain Factual
Objective
Relevant
Materials
What are some useful
free-access online
libraries?
 Wiley Online Library
www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com
 Open Library
www.openlibrary.org
What are some useful
free-access online
educational journals?
 Taylor and Francis
www.tandfonline.com
Journal for Educational Research Online
www.j-e-r-o.com/index.php/jero
 UNESCO Online Educational Journals
http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-
URL_ID=18610&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_S
ECTION=201.html
Education Resources Information Center
www.eric.ed.gov/
or directly it.
What are the stages of
writing Review of
Related Literature?
Stage 1: Search
for the Literature
Topic: Parental involvement in school
Wiley Online Library
Open Library
Taylor and Francis
Education Resources Information Center
Stage 2: Reading the Source
Materials
Stage 3: Writing the
ROL
 FROM CLASSROOM TO VIRTUAL SPHERE: ENHANCING THE
LEARNING EXPERIENCE IN 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE VIA
FACEBOOK-BASED ACTIVITIES (FBA) OF GRADE 11 STUDENTS
IN DON JUAN F. AVALON NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
(Saldo, 2018)
 How should I format my ROL?
• Use the American Psychological Association
(APA) style.
• APA style is most commonly used to cite sources
within the social sciences.
• DO 43, s. 2015 (Revised Guidelines for the Basic
Education Research Fund) prescribed that the
action research proposal shall be double-spaced,
using Arial font of 11.
 When do I use
citations?
• Whenever you use other people’s
words or ideas in your writing, you
should cite that source of information.
• When using APA format, follow the author-date
method of in-text citation.

Examples
In a study about parental involvement in school (Bottoms, &

O’Neill, 2001) …

Bottoms, and O’Neill (2001) stated that parental involvement …

How do I format citations?
• Always capitalize proper nouns,
including author names.

In a study about parental involvement in schools in

Atlanta, Georgia (Bottoms, & O’Neill, 2001) …

• If you refer to the title of a source
within your paper, capitalize all
nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs,
pronouns and subordinating
conjunctions.

In “Preparing a New Breed of School Principals: It’s Time for Action,”

Bottoms, and O’Neill (2001) stated that parental involvement …

• When capitalizing titles, capitalize
both words in a hyphenated
compound word.

In “School Involvement of Low-Income Parents,”

Johnson, and Jones (2001) stressed that …

• After a colon or dash in a title,
capitalize the first word.

In “Preparing a New Breed of School Principals: It’s

Time for Action,” Bottoms, and O’Neill (2001) stated

that parental involvement …

• Italicize the titles of longer works
such as books, edited collections,
movies, documentaries, or albums.

In Freedom Writers (2007), the students bring their

family problems inside their classroom.

• Put quotation marks around the titles
of shorter works such as journal
articles, articles from edited
collections, television shows, and
song titles.

In “Preparing a New Breed of School Principals:

It’s Time for Action,” Bottoms, and O’Neill (2001)

stated that parental involvement …

• If a work has two authors, cite both
names every time the reference
appears in your text. Join the authors'
names with the word and.

In “Preparing a New Breed of School Principals: It’s

Time for Action,” Bottoms, and O’Neill (2001) stated

that parental involvement …

 • If a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all of
the authors the first time you refer to the work in
your text. The next time you refer to the work,
shorten the citation to the last name of the first
author plus the words et al. Join the authors' names
with the word and if you are referring to them in the
text; join the authors' names with an ampersand (&)
if you are referring to them in a parenthetical
citation.
First Citation Second Citation
Cruz, Reyes, and Jose (2001) mentioned that… Cruz, et al. (2001) argued that…

It is mentioned that… (Cruz, Reyes, & Jose, 2001). It is argued that… (Cruz, et al., 2001).
• If a work has six authors (or more),
cite only the last name of the first
author plus the words et al.

Cruz, et al. (2001) mentioned that…

It is mentioned that… (Cruz, et al., 2001).

 How do I use quotations?
• You should try to use your own words (citing
appropriately) whenever possible.
How do I use short quotations?
• To indicate direct quotations of fewer than 40
words in your text, enclose the quotation within
double quotation marks..
 Examples
According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using

APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).

Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style"

(p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?

• If you are citing a work that has no author, no date,
and no page numbers, use the first few words from
the title, then the abbreviation n.d. (for "no date"),
and then use paragraph numbers (if available) or
simply leave out any reference to pages.

Example
In another study of students and research decisions, it was

discovered that students succeeded with tutoring ("Tutoring and

APA," n.d.).
 How do I use long quotations?
• Place direct quotations longer than 40 words in a free-
standing block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation
marks.
How does my ROL look like?
Writing the
References
Pepito E. Saldo, Jr.
Facilitator
 Objectives
• to compare and contrast References and
Bibliography

• to understand and apply the rules of American

Psychological Association (APA) style in
writing the References
 Where is the reference list located in my
proposal?
1. Context and Rationale
2. Review of Related Literature
3. Action Research Questions
4. Proposed Innovation, Intervention, and Strategy
5. Action Research Methods
a. Participants and/or other Sources of Data and Information
b. Data Gathering Methods
c. Data Analysis Plan
6. Work Plan
7. Cost Estimates
8. Plans for Dissemination and Timeliness
9. List of References
 Reference List
• The reference list should appear at the end of your
paper.
• It provides the information necessary for a reader to
locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body
of the paper.
• Each source you cite in the paper must appear in
your reference list; likewise, each entry in the
reference list must be cited in your text.
 Reference List vs.
Bibliography
• A reference list contains the complete list of all the
sources that you have cited directly in a document.
That means that if there are in-text citations for a
source there is a reference list entry, vice versa.

• A bibliography contains all the sources that you

have used, whether they are directly cited or not.
 What information
should my Reference
List provide?
1. the author(s) of each work or the institution or group
that created the work
2. the date that the work was published
3. the title of each work
4. whether the work appears as part of a larger work
(such as an article in a journal or newspaper, or a
chapter in an essay collection)
5. where the work was published
6. who published the work
7. information that would help someone retrieve the work
(such as a web page address or an access number for
an electronic database)
 Note well that
…if you don't have complete information for a
reference, include as much information as you do
have when you create your reference list. For
example, it's common for web pages to not have
authors. This just means that you don't include an
author, and instead start with the title of the work.
Basic Rules
• When an author appears both as a sole author
and, in another citation, as the first author of
a group, list the one-author entries first.

Berndt, T. J. (1999). Friends' influence on students' adjustment to

school. Educational Psychologist, 34, 15-28.

Berndt, T. J., & Keefe, K. (1995). Friends' influence on adolescents‘

adjustment to school. Child Development, 66, 1312-1329.

• References that have the same first author and
different second and/or third authors are
arranged alphabetically by the last name of the
second author, or the last name of the third
if the first and second authors are the same.
Wegener, D. T., Kerr, N. L., Fleming, M. A., & Petty, R. E.

(2000).Flexible corrections of juror judgments: Implications for jury

instructions. Psychology, Public Policy, & Law, 6, 629-654.

Wegener, D. T., Petty, R. E., & Klein, D. J. (1994). Effects of mood on

high elaboration attitude change: The mediating role of likelihood

judgments. European Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 25-43.

• If you are using more than one reference by the
same author (or the same group of authors
listed in the same order) published in the same
year, organize them in the reference list
alphabetically by the title of the article or chapter.
Then assign letter suffixes to the year.

Berndt, T. J. (1981a). Age changes and changes over time in prosocial

intentions and behavior between friends. Developmental

Psychology, 17, 408-416.

Berndt, T. J. (1981b). Effects of friendship on prosocial intentions and

behavior. Child Development, 52, 636-643.

 Note well that
… when referring to these publications in your paper,
use the letter suffixes with the year so that the reader
knows which reference you are referring to.

Example
Several studies (Berndt, 1981a, 1981b) have shown that...
• Use "&" instead of "and" when listing multiple
authors of a single work.

Berndt, T. J., & Keefe, K. (1995). Friends' influence on adolescents‘

adjustment to school. Child Development, 66, 1312-1329.

• If no author is given for a particular source, begin
with and alphabetize by using the title of the work,
which will be listed in place of the author.

New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure.

(1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.

• All lines after the first line of each entry in your
reference list should be indented one-half inch from
the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.

Berndt, T. J. (1999). Friends' influence on students' adjustment to

school. Educational Psychologist, 34, 15-28.

How do I format the hanging indention?

Highlight entries > Home > Paragraph
Formatted Hanging Indentions
Basic Forms for
Sources in Print
 An article in a periodical
(e.g., a journal, newspaper, or magazine)

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year).

Title of article. Title of periodical, volume

number, pages.
 Journal article, one author
Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal

articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55,

893-896.

Journal article, three to six authors

Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993).

There's more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The

importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and

Social Psychology, 65, 1190-1204.

 Journal article, more than six authors
Harris, M., Karper, E., Stacks, G., Hoffman, D., DeNiro, R., Cruz, P.,

et al. (2001). Writing labs and the Hollywood connection. Journal of

Film and Writing, 44(3), 213-245.

Magazine article, one author

Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools.

Time, 135, 28-31.

 Note well that
…for a magazine or newspaper article, you need to
include specific publication dates (month and day, if
applicable) as well as the year. For a journal article,
you do not need to include the month or day of
publication.
 A nonperiodical
(e.g., book, report, or brochure)

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for

subtitle. Location: Publisher.

A book
Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing

manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC: American

Psychological Association.
 A brochure

Research and Training Center on Independent Living. (1993).

Guidelines for reporting and writing about people with disabilities

(4th ed.) [Brochure]. Lawrence, KS: Author.

An entry in an encyclopedia

Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica

(Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

 A book with no author or editor named

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.).(1993). Springfield,

MA: Merriam-Webster.

A news article with no author or editor

named
New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993,

July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.

 Note well that
…for "Location," you should always list the city, but
you should also include the state if the city is
unfamiliar or if the city could be confused with one in
another state.
 Part of a nonperiodical (e.g., a book
chapter or an article in a collection)

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In A.

Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pages of chapter). Location:

Publisher.

O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's gender role

journeys: Metaphor for healing, transition, and transformation. In B.

R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107-123).

New York: Springer.

 Note well that
…when you list the pages of the chapter or essay in
parentheses after the book title, use "pp." before the
numbers: (pp. 1-21). This abbreviation, however, does
not appear before the page numbers in periodical
references.
 Basic Forms for
Electronic Sources
 Article in an Internet Periodical

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title

of journal, volume number (issue number if available). Retrieved

month day, year, from http://Web address.

Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human

rights. Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 8(4). Retrieved February 20,

2001, from http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html

 Nonperiodical Internet Document
(e.g., a Web page or report)

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article.

Retrieved month date, year, from http://Web address.

Frook, B. D. (1999, July 23). New inventions in the cyberworld of

toylandia. Retrieved February 20, 2001, from

http://groups.earthlink.com/forum/messages/00025.html
 Part of Nonperiodical Internet Document

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. In

Title of book or larger document (chapter or section number).

Retrieved month date, year, from http://Web address.

Johnson, J. C. (2000). Pollution and banana cream pie. In Great chefs

cook with chlorofluorocarbons and carbon monoxide (Chap. 3).

Retrieved July 13, 2001, from http://www.bamm.com/cream/

pollution/bananas.htm
 References
DepEd Order No. 16, 2017, Research Management Guidelines.
DepEd Order No. 43, 2015, Revised Guidelines for the Basic Education
Research Fund.
Introduction to APA style. (n.d.). Retrieved April 19, 2017, from
http://www.edc.uoc.gr/~panas/EAP/Thesis/Methofologia%20Ereunas/APA
%20Style.pdf
Johnson, C. S. (2011). School administrators and the importance of utilizing
action research. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 14,
79-80.
Practical research RRL flashcards. (n.d.). Retrieved April 19, 2017, from
https://quizlet.com/189895124/practical-research-rrl-flash-cards/
Sevilla, C. G., Ochave, J. A., Punsalan, T. G., Regala, B. P., & Uriarte, G. G.
(1984). An introduction to research methods. Manila: Rex Book Store.
What is the difference between a reference list and a bibliography? (n.d.).
Retrieved April 19, 2017, from
https://studenthelp.secure.griffith.edu.au/app/answers/detail/a_id/1676/~/wh
at-is-the-difference-between-a-reference-list-and-a-bibliography%3F