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DETERMINATION
OF QUININE IN
TONIC WATER
USING
FLUORESCENCE
SPECTROSCOPY
 TEAM

NORHAFIZA AIN SUFIZA SITI AISYAH

AZMAN NORMAN SHA’ARI
( D20171078201)
ZAIRI 
( D20171078202) ( D20171078204)

NUR SYAFIQAH NUR AIN SUHAIZA

IZZATI RAZALI ABD MUNI
( D20171078200) ( D20171078203)

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 INTRODUCTION
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 WHAT IS QUININE?
• Comes from the bark of the cinchona tree
that most commonly found in South Africa
• An effective anti-malarial drug
• Can help with leg cramps and leg
syndrome
• Used as a flavouring agent in carbonated
beverages such as tonic water
• It has distinctive bitter taste

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 WHAT IS FLUORESCENCE
SPECTROSCOPY ?
• Very sensitive and selective analytical
technique
• To detect and measure trace amounts of
organic compounds
• Spectroscopy methods which are based on
the analysis of fluorescence light,
particularly concerning the emission
spectrum

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 OBJECTIVE
To quantify the concentration of quinine in tonic water
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 METHODOLOGY
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 CALIBRATION

STEP STEP STEP STEP STEP

1 2 3 4 5

Quinine and Quinine stock 7 calibration Wavelength

solution (1000 ppm) standards were All standards and used between
Sulphuric acid
was prepared in a prepared by mass samples were 360 - 580 nm to
were obtained
pre-weighed 50 mL measured using gain spectra of
from the working
polypropylene by the Fluorescence the calibration
solution over the
Spectrometer standards.
diluting an accurately calibration range
weighed amount of 0.05 – 1.5 ppm by
quinine (0.05 g) with dilution with 0.05
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0.05 M H2SO4 M H2SO4.

 PREPARATION OF COMMERCIAL TONIC WATER SAMPLES

STEP STEP STEP STEP STEP

1 2 3 4 5

For calibration
4 different
standards, samples
brands of A small aliquot of 0.5 ml was taken
were prepared
tonic water each tonic water and diluted to a Providing a 100-
accurately by mass
were bought sample was initially final volume of 50 fold dilution
and transferred into
and analyzed vigorously shaken in mL in 0.05 M factor and final
separate 10 x 10
as unknown a glass bottle to H2SO4 quinine
mm quartz
samples remove the concentrations
fluorescence
dissolved carbon which lay around
cuvettes to be
dioxide the middle of the
analysed. 9
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calibration curve
 RESULTS
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SPECTRA OF QUININE CALIBRATION
STANDARD IN 0.05 M H2SO4

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 CALIBRATION CURVE INCLUDING BLANK FOR
DETERMINATION OF QUININE IN TONIC WATER SAMPLES

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TONIC WATER SAMPLE MEASUREMENT

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 DISCUSSION
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 METHOD VALIDATION
To evaluate the levels of accuracy and repeatability of this method

• 4 commercially available tonic waters, 2 quality • The repeatability of measurements was

control (QC) quinine standards (29 ppm and
59 ppm), and spike recovery studies were used
• The 100-fold dilution factor was included in
determining the final quinine concentration
and in statistical analysis.
• The level of precision, in terms of repeatability,
was assessed by the standard deviation and
reported as the percentage relative standard
deviation (% RSD).
determined by performing six consecutive
measurements on each of the QCs and Sample
4 spiked (30 ppm spiked tonic water).
• The calculated % RSDs (Table 3) are less than
5% for replicate measurements, and thus
considered to have excellent levels of
repeatability.
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 METHOD VALIDATION

• Levels of accuracy were assessed by comparing the

average measured quinine concentrations of the two
independently prepared QC samples to that of their
true concentration.

• To further validate the accuracy of the quinine

measurements and to assist in the determination of any
matrix interferences, spike recovery studies were
conducted.

• All four tonic water samples were measured in the

presence and absence of a 30 ppm quinine spike
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Table 3 illustrates the concentrations found were close to the true
values, demonstrating good levels of accuracy.

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Table 4 shows the percentage recoveries of the tonic water samples.

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 LIMIT OF DETECTION STUDIES
Defined as the lowest concentration of analyte which can be distinguished from the signal
obtained from the Blank within a stated confidence limit.
• The limit of detection (LOD) for the • These limits of detection were obtained
determination of quinine in tonic water was using narrow (2.5 nm) excitation and
calculated from replicate analysis (n = 6) of emission slit widths.
the blank solution (0.05 M H2SO4) using
Equation 1 • Further method optimisation using larger
slit widths can provide greater sensitivity.
• The LOD, using the specified instrument
settings in Table 1, was determined to be • Equation 1. Calculation for the limit of
0.009 ppm quinine in 0.05 M H2SO4.
detection, where yB is the mean of the blank
and sB is the standard deviation of the
• The limit of detection of quinine in tonic blank.
water, after considering the 100-fold LOD= yB+ 3sB
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dilution factor, was determined to be 0.9
ppm.
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 CONCLUSION

Fluorescence spectroscopy is a Fluorescence Spectrometer

very sensitive and selective provides an accurate,
analytical technique, giving it a simple and repeatable
major advantage over method for the
absorption spectroscopy when determination of quinine in
used in the detection and tonic water samples.
measurement of trace amounts
of organic compounds.

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 REFERENCES

LJ. Donovan, C. DeVane, D. Boulton, S. Dodd, J. O’Reilly. Fluorescence Experiments with

and J. Markowitz. Dietary levels of quinine in Quinine. Journal of Chemical Education,
tonic water do not inhibit CYP2D6 in vivo. Food 1975, 52, p 610.
and Chemical Toxicology, 2003, 41, p 1199-1201.
.

J. Lakowicz. Principles of G. Guilbault. Practical Fluorescence.

Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Springer CRC Press, Second Edition, 1990.
Science and Business Media, 2013.

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THANK YOU!