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Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & Yuen © 2015 Mcgraw-Hill Education
Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & Yuen © 2015 Mcgraw-Hill Education
Cost of
Goods Ending Period
Sold Inventory Expense Total
Absorption costing
Variable mfg. costs $ 200,000 $ 50,000 $ - $ 250,000
Fixed mfg. costs 120,000 30,000 - 150,000
$ 320,000 $ 80,000 $ - $ 400,000
Variable costing
Variable mfg. costs $ 200,000 $ 50,000 $ - $ 250,000
Fixed mfg. costs - - 150,000 150,000
$ 200,000 $ 50,000 $ 150,000 $ 400,000
Absorption Variable
Costing Costing
Direct materials, direct labor,
and variable mfg. overhead $ 10 $ 10
Fixed mfg. overhead
($150,000 ÷ 25,000 units) 6 -
Unit product cost $ 16 $ 10
cost.Absorption Costing
Sales (30,000 × $30) $ 900,000
Less cost of goods sold:
Beg. inventory (5,000 × $16) $ 80,000
Add COGM (25,000 × $16) 400,000
Goods available for sale 480,000
Less ending inventory - 480,000
Gross margin 420,000
Less selling & admin. exp.
Variable (30,000 × $3) $ 90,000
Fixed 100,000 190,000
Net operating income $ 230,000
Understand the
advantages and
disadvantages of both
variable and absorption
costing.
Fixed manufacturing
costs must be assigned Fixed manufacturing
to products to properly costs are capacity costs
match revenues and and will be incurred
costs. even if nothing is
produced.
Absorption Variable
Costing Costing
© 2015 McGraw-Hill Education Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & Yuen 28
Variable Costing and the Theory of
Constraints (TOC)
Companies involved in TOC use a form of variable
costing. However, one difference of the TOC approach
is that it treats direct labor as a fixed cost for three
reasons:
Many companies have a commitment to guarantee
workers a minimum number of paid hours.
Direct labor is usually not the constraint.
TOC emphasizes the role direct laborers play in driving
continuous improvement. Since layoffs often devastate
morale, managers involved in TOC are extremely
reluctant to lay off employees.
Production
tends to equal
sales . . .
Estimate the level of Estimate total amount Estimate total
production for the of the allocation base manufacturing
period. for the period. overhead costs.
POHR = ÷
© 2015 McGraw-Hill Education Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & Yuen 35
Application of Manufacturing Overhead
$150,000
POHR =
50,000 direct labor hours (DLH)
Traditional $100,000
= = $2.50 per unit
Method 40,000
Capacity $100,000
= = $2.00 per unit
Method 50,000
Revenue $ 1,600,000
Cost of goods sold 1,040,000
Gross margin 560,000
Cost of idle capacity 20,000
Selling and admin. expense 500,000
Net operating income $ 40,000
Revenue $ 1,600,000
Cost of goods sold 1,060,000
Gross margin 540,000
Cost of idle capacity -
Selling and admin. expense 500,000
Net operating income $ 40,000
b. $50,000 underapplied.
c. $60,000 overapplied.
d. $60,000 underapplied.
Cost of Cost of
Goods Sold Goods Sold
20% × $30,000
GENERAL JOURNAL
Post.
Date Description Ref. Debit Credit
Manufacturing Overhead 30,000
Work in Process Inventory 0
Finished Goods Inventory 6,000
Cost of Goods Sold 24,000
Profits remain the same despite changing quantity in production and ending inventory
Use of Variable Costing can avoid Profit inflation through producing more inventories
© 2015 McGraw-Hill Education Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & Yuen 75
Overapplied and Underapplied Manufacturing
Overhead - Summary
Harvey Fresh’s
Method
Alternative 1 Alternative 2
If Manufacturing Close to Cost Proportional
Overhead is . . . of Goods Sold Allocation