MICROPROCESSO

RS Systems
CNE 305
Part 1
1
Introduction to
the
Microprocessor
and Computer

2
History of Microprocessor 1- 1

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THE MICROPROCESSOR-  2–1
BASED PERSONAL COMPUTER
SYSTEM
Machines that once filled large areas reduced to small desktop
computer systems because of the microprocessor. although
compact, they possess computing power only dreamed of a few
years ago
A computer is a device that reads, modifies and writes sequence of
data.
Figure 1-1 shows block diagram of the personal computer that
performs the main three functions.
Applies to any computer system, from early mainframe computers
to the latest systems.
Diagram composed of three blocks interconnected by buses.
 a bus is the set of common connections that carry the same type of
information
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Figure 1-1  The block diagram of a microprocessor-based computer system.

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The Memory and I/O System
Memory structure of all Intel-based personal computers
similar.
Figure 1-2 illustrates memory map of a personal computer
system.
This map applies to any IBM personal computer.
 also any IBM-compatible clones in existence

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Figure 1-2  The memory map of a personal computer.

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Main memory system divided into three parts:
 TPA (transient program area)
 System area
 XMS (extended memory system)
Type of microprocessor present determines whether an
extended memory system exists.
First 1M byte of memory often called the real or
conventional memory system.
 Intel microprocessors designed to function
in this area using real mode operation

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80286 through the Core2 contain the TPA (640K bytes)
and system area (384K bytes).
 also contain extended memory
 often called AT class machines
Extended memory up to 15M bytes in the 80286 and
80386SX; 4095M bytes in 80486 80386DX, Pentium
microprocessors.
The Pentium Pro through Core2 computer systems have up
to 1M less than 4G or 1 M less than 64G of extended
memory.

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The TPA
The transient program area (TPA) holds the DOS (disk
operating system) operating system; other programs that
control the computer system.
 the TPA is a DOS concept and not really applicable in
Windows
 also stores any currently active or inactive DOS application
programs
 length of the TPA is 640K bytes

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The System Area
Smaller than the TPA; just as important.
The system area contains programs on read-only (ROM)
or flash memory, and areas of read/write (RAM) memory
for data storage.
Figure 1–3 shows the system area of a typical personal
computer system. This map also includes the hexadecimal
memory addresses of the various areas.

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Figure 1–3  The system area of a typical personal computer.

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Buses
A common group of wires that interconnect components in
a computer system.
Transfer address, data, & control information between
microprocessor, memory and I/O.
Three buses exist for this transfer of information: address,
data, and control.
Figure 1–4 shows how these buses interconnect various
system components.

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Figure 1–4  The block diagram of a computer system showing the address, data, and control bus
structure.

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The address bus requests a memory location from the memory
or an I/O location from the I/O devices.
if I/O is addressed, the address bus contains a 16-bit I/O address
from 0000H through FFFFH.
if memory is addressed, the bus contains a memory address,
varying in width by type of microprocessor.
64-bit extensions to Pentium provide 40 address pins, allowing
up to 1T byte of memory to be accessed.

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The data bus transfers information between the
microprocessor and its memory and I/O address space.
Data transfers vary in size, from 8 bits wide to 64 bits wide in
various Intel microprocessors.
8088 has an 8-bit data bus that transfers 8 bits
of data at a time
8086, 80286, 80386SL, 80386SX, and 80386EX transfer 16
bits of data
80386DX, 80486SX, and 80486DX transfer 32 bits of data.
Pentium through Core2 microprocessors transfer 64 bits of
data

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Control bus lines select and cause memory or I/O to
perform a read or write operation.
In most computer systems, there are four control bus
connections:
MRDC (memory read control)
MWTC (memory write control)
IORC (I/O read control)
IOWC (I/O write control).
Over bar indicates the control signal is active-low; (active
when logic zero appears on control line)

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NUMBER SYSTEMS
Positional Notation

The (110.101)2 is equivalent to a (6.625)10

The number (25.2)6 ,therefore, has a value of (17.333)10.

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Conversion to decimal

(125.7)8 is (85.875)10

binary number 11011.0111 is 27.4375 in decimal

6A.CH (H for hexadecimal) is (106.75)10

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Conversion from decimal
(10)10 = (1010)2

(10)10 = (12)8

(109)10 = (6D)16

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Fraction
(0.125)10 = (0.001)2

(0.125)10 = (0.1)8

(0.046875)10 = (0.0C)16

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Binary-Coded Hexadecimal

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Complements

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COMPUTER DATA FORMATS
ASCII and Unicode Data

since Windows 95, use the Unicode system to store alphanumeric data. This
system stores each character as 16-bit data. The codes 0000H–00FFH are the
same as standard ASCII code. The remaining codes, 0100H–FFFFH, are used
to store all special characters from many worldwide character sets.
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25
26
BCD (Binary-Coded Decimal) Data
Packed BCD data are stored as two digits per byte and
unpacked BCD data are stored as one digit per byte.

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 Example 1:
;Unpacked BCD data (least-significant data first);
0000 03 04 05 NUMB1 DB 3,4,5 ;defines number 543
0003 07 08 NUMB2 DB 7,8 ;defines number 87
;
;Packed BCD data (least-significant data first) ;

0005 37 34 NUMB3 DB 37H,34H ;defines number 3437

0007 03 45 NUMB4 DB 3,45H ;defines number 4503

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Byte-Sized Data
Byte-sized data are stored as unsigned and signed integers. Figure 1–14 illustrates
both the unsigned and signed forms of the byte-sized integer.

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:Example 2
;Unsigned byte-sized data ;

0000 FE DATA1 DB 254 ; define 254 decimal

0001 87 DATA2 DB 87H ; define 87 hexadecimal

0002 47 DATA3 DB 71 ; define 71 decimal

; Signed byte-sized data ;

0003 9C DATA4 DB -100 ; define -100 decimal

0004 64 DARA5 DB +100 ; define +100 decimal

0005 FF DATA6 DB -1 ; define -1 decimal
0006 38 DATA7 DB 56 ; define 56 decimal
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Word-Sized Data
A word (16-bits) is formed with two bytes of data. The least
significant byte is always stored in the lowest-numbered
memory location, and the most significant byte is stored in
the highest. This method of storing a number is called the
little endian format. An alternate method, not used with the
Intel family of microprocessors, is called the big endian
format.
In the big endian format, numbers are stored with the lowest
location containing the most significant data. The big endian
format is used with the Motorola family of microprocessors.

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32
:Example 3
;Unsigned word-sized data;
0000 09F0 DATA1 DW 2544 ;define 2544 decimal
0002 87AC DATA2 DW 87ACH ;define 87AC hexadecimal
0004 02C6 DATA3 DW 710 ;define 710 decimal;

;Signed word-sized data;

0006 CBA8 DATA4 DW -13400 ;define -13400 decimal
0008 00C6 DATA5 DW +198 ;define +198 decimal
000A FFFF DATA6 DW -1 ;define -1 decimal

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Doubleword-Sized Data

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:Example 4
;Unsigned double word-sized data;

0000 0003E1C0 DATA1 DD 254400 ; define 254400 decimal

0004 87AC1234 DATA2 DD 87AC1234H; define 87AC1234 hexadecimal
0008 00000046 DATA3 DD 70; define 70 decimal

;Signed double word-sized data;

000C FFEB8058 DATA4 DD -1343400; define -1343400 decimal
0010 000000C6 DATA5 DD +198; define +198 decimal
0014 FFFFFFFF DATA6 DD -1; define -1 decimal

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Floating Point Numbers
Any Real Number contains two parts: a mantissa,
significand, or fraction; and an exponent.
When normalizing a number, it is adjusted so that its value
is at least 1, but less than 2.
The bias (127 or 1023) and exponent are added before being
stored in the exponent portion.

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Floating Point Numbers

; single-precision real numbers;

3F9DF3B6 NUMB1 DD 1.234 ;define 1.234 0000
0004 C1BB3333 NUMB2 DD -23.4 ;define -23.4
0008 43D20000 NUMB3 REAL4 4.2E2 ;define 420
;
;double-precision real numbers;
000C 405ED9999999999A NUMB4 DQ 123.4 ;define 123.4
C1BB333333333333 NUMB5 REAL8 -23.4 ;define -23.4 0014 37