T. S.

RAHAMAN CLASS:- DNS (IMU)

SEM: - I
PRACTICAL NAVIGATION : CHART WORK
SUB: - NAV-I (CHARTWORK)

UNIT 6 Fammiliarization with Charts  

6.01.1Familiarization With Charts. Recognize following information on Charts – Source Data, Scale, Colors
Used, Corrections, Date Of Publication, Edition, Publisher, Hydrographer, Chart Title, Chart Number, Datum
- Chart Datum, Height Datum and position Datum

Capt. (Dr.) A. Apandkar

FAMILIARIZATION WITH CHARTS

SOURCE DATA
The data on charts is obtained from the information received from the
Hydrographic Authorities of the countries which are responsible for the waters
under their jurisdiction.

SCALE
The relationship between the actual length of something on the earth and the
length by which the thing is shown on the chart.

COLORS
Land is generally shaded tan while the sea is shown in grey, with shallow
waters in shades of blue. Drying heights in green. Drying heights are those
areas of coastal waters which uncover in low tide.

2
FAMILIARIZATION WITH CHARTS (2)

SMALL CORRECTIONS
Small corrections are made by the mariner on board having obtained the information through the
Notice to Mariners. The correction number is recorded on the chart in the left bottom part,
outside the margin.

DATE OF PUBLICATION
Printed at the bottom, in the middle, outside the margin.
Recent publication means a more reliable chart.

EDITION / LARGE CORRECTION

Printed at the bottom, in the middle, outside the margin.

3
FAMILIARIZATION WITH
CHARTS (3)
PUBLISHER
The Govt. Authority is printed at the bottom, in the middle, outside the margin.

HYDROGRAPHER
Shown near the title of the chart.

CHART TITLE
Printed in a conspicuous place on a chart and also shown on the reverse side of the chart.

CHART NUMBER
Each chart has a serial number printed on front and reverse.
6.02 Recognize The Symbols Used On Charts As Given In Int 5011. Limited To Following Symbols - Rock,
Wreck, Obstructions, Nature Of Sea Bed, Tidal Stream, Current, Offshore Installation, Platform, Mooring,
Submarine Cable, Submarine Pipeline, Tide And Current, Depths, Tracks, Routes, Areas And Limits, Pilot
Boarding Place, Tidal Levels
6.03 Basic Symbols Of 5012 (Ecdis) [LIMITED TO Isolated danger mark, Undefined or Doubtful (Point
feature or Area of low accuracy), Simplified symbols for Fixed & Floating Marks under IALA (Lateral,
Cardinal, Isolated Danger, Safe Water, Special), CATZOC ( A1,A2,B,C,D,U), Caution Area, Restricted Area,
Foul area not safe for navigation, Rock which covers and uncovers or is awash at low water]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4L6wihfaIc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iTMsnNZvcn4
6.03 Basic Symbols Of 5012 (Ecdis) [LIMITED TO Isolated danger mark, Undefined or Doubtful
(Point feature or Area of low accuracy), Simplified symbols for Fixed & Floating Marks under IALA
(Lateral, Cardinal, Isolated Danger, Safe Water, Special), CATZOC ( A1,A2,B,C,D,U), Caution Area,
Restricted Area, Foul area not safe for navigation, Rock which covers and uncovers or is awash at low
water]
 6.04 EXPLAIN THE USE OF NOTICES TO MARINERS, CUMULATIVE
NOTICES TO MARINERS.
CORRECTING CHARTS ON BOARD
Weekly Notices to Mariners
Issued on a weekly basis by the Admiralty, these notices contain corrections to charts and various other
publications such as Admiralty sailing directions and Admiralty list of lights and radio signals. They also include
temporary and preliminary notices to correct charts. The year begins with notice no .1 being issued in first week
of January and the numbering increases chronologically till last week of the year. They also notify about any new
charts or new editions being published and their previous editions being cancelled.

Consult the index of charts affected in the Weekly edition of the Notices to Mariners.

If any charts held are noted, enter the number of the notice against the chart number
in the Chart Correction Log.
Then correct the chart.
Enter the notice number as a Small Correction on the chart in the left bottom,
outside the margin.

8
 6.04 EXPLAIN THE USE OF NOTICES TO MARINERS, CUMULATIVE NOTICES TO MARINERS.
CHECKING OF CHARTS ON BOARD

Cumulative List of Notices to mariners

These are published twice a year in January and July. The main purpose of them is to provide a list
of current editions of all Admiralty Charts and the serial numbers of notices affecting them which
have been issued in previous two years. The charts present onboard can be verified for any missing
corrections by checking them against the Cumulative Lists.

Check the charts required for the voyage are on board.

Check the charts are of the latest edition.
Check the chart is corrected to the most recent weekly notice to mariners available.
Compare the small correction record on chart and in correction log with the list of small
corrections as per Cumulative list of Notices to Mariners and see if any correction has gone
uncorrected or missed. Make the missing correction if any and record.
Check that all relevant Temporary and Preliminary corrections are also carried out.
Check all relevant corrections from Navigational warnings are carried out.

Ignou Chart-Work Semester 1 9

 6.05 EXPLAIN THE PRINCIPLES AND RULES OF THE INTERNATIONAL
ASSOCIATION OF LIGHTHOUSE
AUTHORITIES (IALA), MARITIME BUOYAGE SYSTEM, SYSTEMS ‘A’ AND ‘B’.

The International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse

Authorities (IALA), previously known as International Association of
Lighthouse Authorities, is an intergovernmental organization founded in 1957 to
collect and provide nautical expertise and advice.
Buoyage systm is a system of floating navigational aids used in harbours and
approaches, rivers and narrow waterways, with colour and light characteristic
identification, to provide direction for safe navigation in these restricted waters.
As early as 1976, there were more than 30 dissimilar buoyage systems in use trough
out the world!! To avoid confusion and help safe navigation, IALA came up to create
a worldwide buoyage system.
They were much successful in this endeavour, however, there are still two systems of
 6.05 EXPLAIN THE PRINCIPLES AND RULES OF THE INTERNATIONAL
ASSOCIATION OF LIGHTHOUSE
AUTHORITIES (IALA), MARITIME BUOYAGE SYSTEM, SYSTEMS ‘A’ AND ‘B’.

Buoyage worldwide.
IALA REGION A : Continents of Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia
IALA REGION B : North and south Americas, Japan, South Korea and Philippines
6.05 EXPLAIN THE PRINCIPLES AND RULES OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF
LIGHTHOUSE
AUTHORITIES (IALA), MARITIME BUOYAGE SYSTEM, SYSTEMS ‘A’ AND ‘B’.
 6.06 INTERPRET DEPTHS AND NATURE OF BOTTOM.  

Depths are shown on charts either in feet, meters or fathoms. It will be stated prominently on the chart eg
“Depth in Meters”

The nature of sea bottom is shown in abbreviated form eg.,

R means Rock, etc.

A full index of the abbreviations used on charts is available in the Mariner’s Handbook.

Capt. (Dr.) A. Apandkar

 6.07 RECOGNIZE TRAFFIC LANES AND SEPARATION ZONES.

Traffic separation schemes have been agreed on in many parts of the world where traffic in congested
waters can be regulated for safe transit.  

A typical traffic separation scheme has two lanes, separated by a no-go separating zone. Enter lanes close to
lane heading.
All ships needing to cross the separating zones are advised to cross them at right angles.
Vessel traffic monitoring centers should be advised before crossing separation zones.

TSS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zFT5QzkK58E
Capt. (Dr.) A. Apandkar
 6.07 RECOGNIZE TRAFFIC LANES AND SEPARATION ZONES.

TSS

Capt. (Dr.) A. Apandkar

6.08 DEFINE CHART PROJECTIONS (LIMITED TO MERCATOR AND GNOMONIC PROJECTION

Maps & Charts are representations of portions of the earth’s

surface to a suitable scale on a flat surface. Charts are drawn to
provide information relevant to navigation such as depths etc. on
the position grid.

Developable surface is the surface which can be laid on a flat

surface without any distortion. A spherical shape such as earth is
non-developable.

A projection is a representation of the meridians and parallels

of latitude on a plane surface.
 6.08 DEFINE CHART PROJECTIONS (LIMITED TO MERCATOR AND GNOMONIC PROJECTION.

MERCATOR’S PROJECTION
1) All meridians and parallels of latitude are straight lines drawn at right angles to each other.
2) All course and bearing angles on the earth’s surface are equal to the corresponding angle drawn on the chart.
3) Rhumb lines which on a globe are curved lines gyrating towards the pole, are represented as straight lines on a
Mercator’s projection. They are not the shortest distance between two points except along the Equator.
4) The meridians are spaced equally apart while the distance between latitudes increase from equator towards the
poles.
GNOMONIC PROJECTION
1) The meridians are shown converging at the poles while the parallels of latitude are represented curved
around the poles.
2) The true course which is a Great Circle, is shown as a straight line. The distance measured along the great
circle course is the shortest distance between the two positions.
3) The land masses appear different from their traditionally held shapes, although true in their size relative to
their representation on the globe. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1MFeD5VXbjk
 6.09 Define ‘natural scale’ of a CHART.

Natural scale of a chart is a ratio of one unit distance on chart to the actual distance on the surface of Earth.
I.E., if distance between any two points on chart is 1 NM and distance between the same two points is
100000 NM on the surface of earth, then natural scale of the chart is 1:100000

6.10 EXPLAIN TYPES OF CHARTS: SMALL SCALE, LARGE SCALE, METEOROLOGICAL

CHARTS, ROUTEING CHARTS, HARBOUR CHARTS ETC.
TYPES OF
CHARTS
Small Scale Charts : They represent large areas of Earth’s surface
Ocean charts : They are small scale charts, covering entire oceans and Oceans in smaller parts.

Large Scale Charts : They represent small areas of Earth’s surface.

Coastal charts : They represent the coastal Areas of the world. They are large scale charts.
Plans of harbors and ports : They represent very small areas, such as, ports/harbours ans approaches, Narrow
waterways and rivers. They are very large scale charts

Meteorological charts : chart showing weather conditions over a wide area at a particular time, compiled
from simultaneous observations at different places
 6.09 Define ‘natural scale’ of a CHART.

Natural scale of a chart is a ratio of one unit distance on chart to the actual distance on the surface of Earth.
I.E., if distance between any two points on chart is 1 NM and distance between the same two points is
100000 NM on the surface of earth, then natural scale of the chart is 1:100000

6.10 EXPLAIN TYPES OF CHARTS: SMALL SCALE, LARGE SCALE, METEOROLOGICAL

CHARTS, ROUTEING CHARTS, HARBOUR CHARTS ETC.
TYPES OF
CHARTS

Special charts : are special purpose charts, such as:

DECCA charts, CONSOL charts, LORAN charts, Routeing
charts, etc
 6.11EXPLAIN THE USE OF INDIAN AND ADMIRALTY CHART CATALOGUE & FOLIO SYSTEM.
ADMIRALTY CHART CATALOGUE
This publication covers the entire range of Admiralty charts and publications and is issued every year. It
contains :
1) General instructions
2) List of chart agents
3) Chart titles and outlines
4) Details of titles, scale, coverage and price
5) All admiralty publications
6) List of admiralty charts index and folios
7) Chart diagram showing coverage area of charts in folios
8) Diagrams of other publications coverage
9) Details of electronic charts

Chart folios are the folder of charts used on board a ship in which charts are kept in a systematic manner. Folio covers
are mode of canvass or other appropriate material capable of holding charts. A list of charts within it and a table of
correction record is posted outside ofINDIAN
the folio CHART
cover. CATALOGUE
The abridged Indian Chart Catalogue is available from national hydrographic office, Dehradun, and also from
chart agents.
Subsequent corrections may be made from Indian notices to mariners, which also contain information regarding
all charts and other hydrographic publications.

Arrangement of navigational charts is in numerical sequence.

6.12 MEASURE THE DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POSITIONS ON A MERCATOR CHART.
MEASURING DISTANCE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cbTyE_D1KJw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZ0n_Aam3j8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=acjLdnOmgjo

On a Mercator chart, the latitude scale serves as a

distance scale. One minute of latitude scale corresponds to
one mile.

The distance between two close-by positions on the chart

must be measured in the region of the mean latitude
between these two positions.

When larger distances are involved, Traverse Tables from

the Nautical Tables must be used to look up distances.
 UNIT 7 : DIRECTIONS
7.01 Define directions on the earth’s surface.
DIRECTIONS ON THE EARTH’S SURFACE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=7RHQ2FgKJZQ

All navigational charts, whether Mercator’s projection or

Gnomonic, are printed heading North up.
Hence all courses and bearings are angles measured
clockwise from north up direction in three figure system

Normally, all bearings and courses are converted to

true bearings and courses before they are plotted on a
navigational chart.
True Direction between two points on Earth’s surface is given by great circle between them; it is
expressed in terms of the angle between the meridian and the great circle.

True bearing of an object is the angle between the meridian and the direction of the object. Over
short distances the great circle may be drawn as a straight line without appreciable error.

The bearing can be expressed in two ways. Three Figure Notation The angle is measured clockwise from
North, from 000° to 360°, North being 000°. Other way is quadrental.
7.02 Describe the direction of the ship’s head on a gyro COMPASS (GYRO COURSE).

DIRECTION INDICATED BY GYRO

If there is no error on the Gyro Compass, then the

direction indicated by the Gyro Compass is true and thus
can be directly plotted on the navigational chart.

If there is an error on the gyro compass, the error is

termed ‘High’ or ‘Low’ depending on whether the gyro
heading is higher or lower than the true bearing.

For example if the gyro heading is 069 degrees, and the

compass has an error of 1 degree low, the true heading
will be 070 degrees.
https://youtu.be/RDWy-s2VAew
7.03 Describe the direction of the ship’s head on the magnetic COMPASS (COMPASS COURSE).

DIRECTION BY MAGNETIC COMPASS

The magnetic compass may have an error which is the

result of a combination of two errors : Variation and
Deviation.

Both Variation and Deviation will have to be applied to

obtain the total Magnetic Compass Error which will have
to be applied to obtain the true direction before plotting
the same on a navigational chart.

The magnetic compass error is termed East or West

depending on whether the compass direction is less or
more than the true direction.

Error East, Compass Least, Error West, Compass Best.

7.04 DEFINES TRUE, MAGNETIC AND COMPASS NORTH.

TRUE, MAGNETIC & COMPASS NORTH

TRUE NORTH
indicates direction of the geographical north pole

MAGNETIC NORTH
indicates direction of the magnetic north pole

COMPASS NORTH
The compass may have an error which makes the
compass north direction different from the true north
direction.
True North : is the northerly direction of the meridian and is the reference from which true
bearings and courses are measured.
VARIATION AND DEVIATION

VARIATION
Variation is the angular difference between the Magnetic North and the True or
Geographical north directions. Variation differs from place to place but it is not dependant
upon the direction of the ship’s head.

DEVIATION
Deviation is the angle between Compass North and Magetic North.
It is the error introduced in a magnetic compass heading by the pull of the steel structures
situated in the vicinity of the magnetic compass. After compensating for these errors as
much as possible, the residual error is called Deviation. Deviation varies with the direction
of the ship’s head but is not dependant on the geographical position of the ship.n

31
7.05 FINDS DEVIATION AND VARIATION FROM TABLES AND CHARTS.

FINDING DEVIATION AND VARIATION

DEVIATION
Deviation is tabulated while swinging the vessel to
compare true and compass bearings of a charted object . A
table showing the residual deviation on different ship’s
head is compiled and the same is posted on the bridge for
use.

VARIATION
Variation can be looked up from the navigational
chart for the area covered by the chart. It can also be
looked up for any area on the surface of the earth, from
a special chart called the Variation Chart.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2DBc6qgin3M
7.06 CALCULATE TRUE COURSE FROM COMPASS
COURSE AND VICE VERSA.
APPLYING COMPASS ERROR
GYRO COMPASS ERROR
The gyro compass error is termed ‘High’ or ‘Low’ depending on whether the
gyro heading is higher or lower than the true bearing. Add the low error to the
Gyro direction to obtain the True direction. Deduct the high error from the
Gyro direction to obtain True direction.

MAGNETIC COMPASS ERROR

The magnetic compass error is termed East or West depending on whether the
compass direction is less or more than the true direction.
Error East, Compass Least, Error West, Compass Best.
Add easterly error to compass direction to obtain true direction.
Deduct westerly error to compass direction to obtain true direction.

33
7.07 MEASURE COMPASS ERROR, USING A RANSIT BEARING.
HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=1NPDA-RZ6HI&T=2S
TRANSIT LINE
As the vessel is moving on her course, many times two or more objects fall in line. When
any two objects come in line from the ship, they are said to be in transit. If these two are
charted objects, we can connect them on chart and check the true transit bearing. And if you
take the transit bearing by your compass, then the difference netween the two will be
compass Error. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1NpdA-rz6hI

Transit line

35
7.08 OBTAIN MAGNETIC/ GYRO COMPASS ERROR. APPLY
COMPASS ERROR
TO THE SHIP’S HEAD AND COMPASS BEARINGS TO
CONVERT TO TRUE.

GYRO COMPASS ERROR

The gyro compass error is termed ‘High’ or ‘Low’ depending on whether the gyro heading is
higher or lower than the true bearing. Add the low error to the Gyro direction to obtain the
True direction. Deduct the high error from the Gyro direction to obtain True direction.

MAGNETIC COMPASS ERROR

The magnetic compass error is termed East or West depending on whether the compass
direction is less or more than the true direction.
Error East, Compass Least, Error West, Compass Best.
Add easterly error to compass direction to obtain true direction.
Deduct westerly error to compass direction to obtain true direction.

37
 UNIT 8 : POSITION LINES AND POSITION

8.01 DEFINE A POSITION. PLOT A POSITION ON CHART USING

LATITUDE/LONGITUDE VALUES FROM GPS

POSITION
A position on a chart is the location of an object obtained by one or more methods.
PLOTTING POSITIONS
Position is plotted on a chart
1) by reference to latitude and longitude from GPS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IgZfnlHYrfI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UraM_evs-og&t=433s
2) by reference to another position for example :
by plotting bearing and distance from a charted position,
38
 UNIT 9 : POSITION LINES AND POSITION

8.02 PLOT POSITION CIRCLE ON A CHART, GIVEN THE RADAR

DISTANCE OFF A CHARTED OBJECT.
When a distance off a landmar is obtained by RADAR, Perimeter of circle (PC) drawn with landmark as center is
a position circle on which vessel is located.
POSITION CIRCLE

PRACTICE ON CHART
39
8.03 Plot A Position On The Chart From Simultaneous Cross Bearings, Simultaneous cross ranges And From Bearing And
Distance Off.

SIMULTANEOUS CROSS BEARINGS

The position obtained by this method needs bearings of two or more bearings of
different charted objects and plotting the same on the chart. The ship’s position lies
at the intersection of these bearings.

Ship’s position

40
 UNIT 9 : POSITION LINES AND POSITION

8.03 PLOT A POSITION ON THE CHART FROM SIMULTANEOUS CROSS BEARINGS,

SIMULTANEOUS CROSS RANGES AND FROM BEARING AND DISTANCE OFF.
When a distance off a landmar is obtained by RADAR, Perimeter of circle (PC) drawn with landmark as
center is a position circle on which vessel is located. Simultaneous distance off two or more landmarks will
give two or more PCs, whose intersection is the fix or observed position

SIMULTANEOUS CROSS RANGES

PRACTICE ON CHART 41
8.03 Plot A Position On The Chart From Simultaneous Cross Bearings, Simultaneous cross ranges And From Bearing And
Distance Off.

BEARING AND DISTANCE

In this method, the bearing of a fixed charted object is taken and plotted and the
distance off (mainly by radar) is then taken and marked off on the bearing line. The
ship’s position lies at the intersection of the distance arc and the bearing line.

Ship’s position

Ignou Chart-Work Semester 1 42

8.04 Define “DEAD reckoning position (DR)”,”estimated position” and “fixed position”.
DEAD RECKONING POSITION

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VKKpZwPOvU8

The Dead Reckoned position is obtained by plotting the course steered and the
engine speed along that course from the last known position of the ship.

098 X 12’
Last fix
X
D.R. position

43
8.04 Define “DEAD reckoning position (DR)”,”estimated position” and “fixed position”.

ESTIMATED POSITION
In this method, the estimated set and drift due to external forces such as wind, tide
and current is allowed for to obtain a more accurate position than that obtained by
D.R.

098 X 12’
D.R. position
Last fix
X
174 X 0.9’

106 X 12.6’
Estimated position

Ignou Chart-Work Semester 1 44

8.04 Define “DEAD reckoning position (DR)”,”estimated position” and “fixed position”.

FIXED POSITION
When ship’s position is plotted by two or more simultaneous bearings or distances or a
combination od simultaneous bearing and distance, the position obtained is called a Fixed
Posisiton or simply a FIX or an Observed position.
A fixed position is a reliable position and is indicated by drawing a circle around a fix.

Ignou Chart-Work Semester 1 45

 UNIT 8 : POSITION LINES AND POSITION
8.05 FIND A POSITION BY BEARING, TRANSIT LINE. FIND COMPASS ERROR FROM
TRANSIT BEARING
8.06 FIND THE DISTANCE THAT THE SHIP WILL PASS OFF A GIVEN POINT WHEN
ABEAM.

V/L Steering 265˚(T) found Lt Ho A in transit with mountain peak Mount X at 1400Hrs. Compass Brg was found
320˚(C) and Gyro Brg 324˚. Find Compass Error and Gyro Error. If distance of Lt Ho A was 12’ at the time of transit,
find ship’s position.

46
 UNIT 8 : POSITION LINES AND POSITION
8.06 FIND THE DISTANCE THAT THE SHIP WILL PASS OFF A GIVEN POINT
WHEN ABEAM.

Draw a perpendicular on course line, passing through point X and read the distance d’ on latitude scale. This is the
distance v/l will pass point X when abeam

47
8.07 Find Course To Steer To Pass A Given Lt.Ho When Abeam At A Particular Distance, When At An Angle On
Bow / Abaft Or Forward Of Beam At A Particular Distance. Find ETA at the said positions.
 UNIT 9 : CHART WORK EXERCISES

9.01 DEFINE ‘COURSE’ AND ‘DISTANCE’.

9.02 LAY OFF TRUE COURSE BETWEEN TWO POSITIONS.
9.03 FIND THE DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POSITIONS.
9.04 CALCULATE THE SPEED BETWEEN TWO POSITIONS.
9.05 EXPLAIN THE TERM ‘RUNNING FIX’ AND USE THE METHOD TO PLOT
POSITION ONLY WITH BEARINGS(WITHOUT CURRENT).

PRACTICE ON CHART

50
RUNNING FIX HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=I9JB4OQBHT8
RUNNING FIX HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=I9JB4OQBHT8
UNIT 10 : ELECTRONIC CHART DISPLAY AND INFORMATION SYSTEM.
HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=LEL2SB27BT0 HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=0KMHXPRAKJS

10.01 Expand the Acronym – ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display & Information System) & relate the two functions –
Electronic Chart Display and Information System.
An Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) is a geographic information system used for
nautical navigation that complies with International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulations as an alternative to
paper charts IMO refers to similar systems not meeting the regulations as Electronic Chart Systems (ECSs)

An ECDIS system displays the information from Electronic Navigational Charts(ENC) and integrates position
information from position, heading and speed through water reference systems and optionally other navigational
sensors. Other sensors which could interface with an ECDIS are radar, Navtex, Automatic Identification
Systems (AIS), and depth sounders.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hEvvho_APpY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qoOKB3T3KQ khttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6d6TifI2hA
UNIT 10 : ELECTRONIC CHART DISPLAY AND INFORMATION SYSTEM.

10.02 Explain the analogy "Fuel" to "Electronic charts" and "Engine" to "ECDIS software". Know that "fuel" is
developed by NHOs and "engine" 'compatible with fuel' by OEMs (ECDIS manufacturers)
Just as an engine runs on fuel, ECDIS runs on ENCs. Since there are not many ENCs available, it was essential to
allow RNCs to be used when ENC is not available. This is called Dual Fuel system.
Dual fuel systems Because of the adoption by the IMO of the amendments to the performance standards for ECDIS
to include the use of RCDS, an ECDIS is now able to operate in two modes:

ECDIS mode when ENC data is used RCDS mode when ENC data is unavailable.

Thus the dual fuel system is one that is either an ECDIS or RCDS depending on the type of chart data in use. At the
present there are only few ENCs so the ability to use ECDIS is restricted. RNCs are plentiful and can provide two
vital functions:

provide official electronic chart coverage for areas not covered by ENCs provide link coverage between the ENCs
that are available.
UNIT 10 : ELECTRONIC CHART DISPLAY AND INFORMATION SYSTEM.

10.03 State that IMO adopted performance standards for electronic charts first time in the 1990s, then in 2000
adopted a revised regulation in SOLAS chapter V - Carriage requirements for shipborne navigational systems and
equipment to allow an ECDIS to be accepted as meeting the chart carriage requirements of the regulation
The term ECDIS created in 1985. The first performance standards were issued in1995. ECDIS was accepted in
SOLAS as a replacement for paper chart in 2002
IMO adopted performance standards for electronic charts in the 1990s. In 2000, IMO adopted the revised SOLAS
regulation V/19 - Carriage requirements for shipborne navigational systems and equipment to allow an ECDIS to be
accepted as meeting the chart carriage requirements of the regulation.
 UNIT 10 : ELECTRONIC CHART DISPLAY AND INFORMATION SYSTEM.

10.04 State that IMO, in 2009, recognizing the advantages of ECDIS for navigation, adopted further
amendments to SOLAS regulation V/19, to make mandatory the carriage of ECDIS.
Recognizing the advantages of ECDIS for navigation, in 2009, IMO adopted further amendments to regulation V/19,
to make mandatory the carriage of ECDIS. The amendments entered into force on 1 January 2011, making ECDIS
mandatory for new ships built after set dates and also phasing-in the requirement for existing ships.

10.05 State that the 2009 amendments entered into force on 1 January 2011, making ECDIS mandatory for
new ships built after set dates and also phasing in the requirement for existing ships.

The amendments entered into force on 1 January 2011, making ECDIS mandatory for new ships built after set dates
and also phasing-in the requirement for existing ships. 
 UNIT 10 : ELECTRONIC CHART DISPLAY AND INFORMATION SYSTEM.

10.06 List various stake holders in the evolution of ECDIS such as IMO, IHO, NHOs, RENCs, OEMs and
IEC. Explain briefly (maximum 5 lines only) the role of these stakeholders.
IMO : IMO adopted performance standards for electronic charts in the 1990s. In 2000, IMO adopted the revised
SOLAS regulation V/19 - Carriage requirements for shipborne navigational systems and equipment to allow an
ECDIS to be accepted as meeting the chart carriage requirements of the regulation.
IHO : The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) is the intergovernmental organization responsible for
developing international standards related to hydrographic services as defined in SOLAS regulation V/9. Under its
remit, and in support of the relevant performance standards for ECDIS adopted by the International Maritime
Organization (IMO), the IHO maintains sets of standards for various information related to ECDIS. The IHO aims to
create a global environment in which marine navigation information is provided in a timely and usable manner in order to support
and protect the marine environment.

NHOs : ECDIS requires a type of Electronic Navigational Chart (ENC) which is “vector chart’’ officially authorized
by the National Hydrographic Office (NHO) for those charts areas.
RENCs ‘Regional Electronic Navigational Chart Coordinating Centre. It ihas offices in the UK and Australia and is
responsible for validating its members ENCs and positioning them in the market place through a selected group of Value Added
Resellers (VARs).

OEMs : In the case of ENCs, an OEM is specifically the manufacturers of the ECDIS hardware.
IEC :The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, is the
organization that prepares and publishes international Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.
UNIT 10 : ELECTRONIC CHART DISPLAY AND INFORMATION SYSTEM.

10.07 Explain the objective behind WEND principles as promoted by IHO (maximum 5 lines)
The chief objective of the WEND committee was to promote the establishment of a World-wide Electronic
Navigational Chart Database (WEND) suitable for the needs of international shipping.

10.08 Explain the terms – ENC, RNC, Official and Unofficial charts, ECDIS mode & RCDS mode
ENC : An electronic Navigation chart is a real-time navigation system that integrates a variety of information that is
displayed and interpreted by the Mariner.
RNC : An RNC is a digital image originally scanned from paper charts into an electronic format. Geographic
references are added to the electronic chart allowing it to refresh in real time, allowing mariners to identify and
analyze chart data. Raster charts integrate with global positioning system (GPS) coordinates using raster chart
display systems (RCDSs
ECDIS has two official modes of operation: ECDIS mode when Electronic Navigational Chart (ENC) data is
available and Raster Chart Display System (RCDS) mode when ENC data is unavailable. The use of raster
charts is accepted only in conjunction with updated folio of paper charts 
 T. S. RAHAMAN CLASS:-
SEM: -
TOPIC :
SUB: -
1) REFERENCE FROM SYLLABUS :- 2.1
 
OBJECTIVE

YES YES STD. TEXT BOOK /

NET SOURCE EXPLANATION LITERATURE REFERENCE BOOK

NO OR
PICTURES & COLOUR ANIMATION VIDEOS SHOW

NO YES
CHECK IF VIDEO TEL MOVIE IS APPROPRIATE SHOW
MOVIE

NO DEMONSTRATION OR PRACTICAL AS REQUIRED YES SHOW / CARRY OUT

PRACTICAL

Q & A AND PRACTICE NUMERICALS

Name of Faculty:-