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Redox Reactions
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Oxygen added
Chapter 11
Redox Reactions
Reduction as the loss of oxygen
Oxygen removed
Chapter 11
Redox Reactions
Oxidation as the loss of hydrogen
Oxidation may also be defined as the loss or removal of
hydrogen from a substance.
For example, hydrogen sulphide reacts with
chlorine to form sulphur and hydrogen chloride:
H2S(g) + Cl2(g) S(s) + 2HCl(g)
Hydrogen removed
Hydrogen added
In this reaction, nitrogen is reduced to
ammonia, because it has gained hydrogen.
Chapter 11
Redox Reactions
Redox Reactions always occur together
In a redox reaction, if one substance is oxidised, the other is
being reduced.
E.g. The extraction of iron from iron(III) oxide in the blast
furnace:
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) 2Fe(l) + 3CO2(g)
Oxygen
Fe2O3 loses oxygen, added CO gains oxygen,
and is thus reduced. and is thus oxidised.
We say that iron(III) oxide is reduced to iron, and carbon
monoxide is oxidised to carbon dioxide.
Chapter 11
Redox Reactions
Redox reactions always occur together
For example, in the reaction of hydrogen sulphide with
chlorine:
H2S(g) + Cl2(g) S(s) + 2HCl(g)
Hydrogen
added
H2S loses hydrogen, Cl2 gains hydrogen,
and is thus oxidised. and is thus reduced.
We say that hydrogen sulphide is oxidised to sulphur, and
chlorine is reduced to hydrogen chloride.
Chapter 11
Redox Reactions
Summary
Oxidation Reduction
(a) C + O2 CO2
(b) Mg + H2O MgO + H2
(c) 2CO + O2 2CO2
(d) H2I + Cl2 2HCl + I2
(e) CuO + H2 Cu + H2O
(f) Cl2(g) + H2S(g) 2HCl(g) + S(s)
(g) 2NH3 + 3CuO 3Cu + N2 + 3H2O Solution
Chapter 11
Redox Reactions
Quick check 1 (cont’d)
2. State which substance is reduced. What substance has it been
reduced to? Give a reason for your answer.
Solution
Chapter 11
Redox Reactions
Mg + 2H+Cl- Mg2+Cl-2 + H2
0 + - 2+ - 0
Mg + 2H Cl Mg Cl2 + H2
Reduction (from + 1 to 0)
Step 4: Determine whether it is oxidation (increase in
oxidation state) or reduction (decrease in
oxidation state).
Chapter 11
Redox Reactions
Redox reactions as changes in
oxidation state
Example 2: Reaction of potassium iodide with chlorine.
Chlorine is reduced to KCl
( decrease in oxidation state)
KMnO4 +1 + x + 4(-2) = 0
x = +7
K+ 4(O2-)
(+1) x (-2)
Chapter 11
Redox Reactions
Determination of Oxidation States
in a Polyatomic Ion
Oxidation states of all atoms in a polyatomic ion must add up to
the charge on the ion
Example: Find the oxidation state of S in S04 2-.
S04 2- x + 4(-2) = -2
x = +6
x 4(O2-)
(-2)
Chapter 11
Redox Reactions
Summary
Oxidation Reduction
Gain of oxygen Loss of oxygen
Loss of hydrogen Gain of hydrogen
Loss of electron(s) Gain of electron(s)
(Increase in oxidation state) (Decrease in oxidation state)
Chapter 11
Redox Reactions
Quick check 2
1. State which substance is oxidised. What substance has it been
oxidised to? State a reason for your answer.
potassium manganate(VII)
potassium dichromate(VI)
Chapter 11
Redox Reactions
Reducing Agents
Potassium iodide
solution added
Mixture turns
unknown
reddish brown
solution
Chapter 11
Redox Reactions
Test for reducing agent