CATERPILLAR

Oil
 Big Foot

Caterpillar
 Oil
Understanding Oil
in today’s well lubricated world
Why you need Oil in your engine
• Lubrication
• Oil is Reducing Friction and Wear.
• Cooling
• Oil acts as a Coolant (piston Cooling)
• Cleaning
• Oil flushes away the tiny wear particles
• Sealing
• Oil is forming a seal (piston rings)
• Protecting
• Oil prevents rust and corrosion.
The type of Oil you need

• Spark Ignited Engine Oils

• Used in Gasoline Engines.
Engines
• The API letter Designation S
• Compression Ignited Engine Oils
• Used in Diesel Engines.
• The API letter Designation C
 Engine Oil Classifications
• API
• American Petroleum Institute.
This organization designates service
classifications for Oils ( S , C ).
• SAE
• Society of Automotive Engineers.
Establishes viscosity ratings ( SAE 40).
• ASTM
• American Society of Testing Materials.
Standardization of the testing methods.
Engine Oil Classifications
• JASO
• Japanese Automobile Standards
Organization.

• CCMC
• Comite des Constructeurs
d’Automobiles du Marche Common.
• Engine manufacturers in the EG
 The API Donut
• Oil supplier may use the API Service Categories.
• Only Licensed companies may use the API
“DONUT”
DONUT Symbol
• Licensees who use this DONUT have certified that
Each licensed Oil meets all Prescribed Technical
Performance Standards.
• Monitoring is done through the SAE Oil
Labeling Assessment Program (OLAPP).
• More Info : Refer to Oil and your engine
The API Donut
 Service Station Oils
• SA 1900 - 1930
SB 1931 - 1963
SC 1964 - 1967
SD 1968 - 1971
SE 1972 - 1979
SG 1990 - 1993
SH 1994 -
More info.? Refer to Oil and Your Engine.
 Commercial Oils
• Used in Light to Heavy Duty Diesel applications,
• On-Highway Trucks
• Off-Highway Trucks
• Earthmoving Machine Engines
• Industrial Engines
• Marine Engines
 Commercial Oils
• CA Light-duty into 1950
• CB Moderate-duty 1949-1961
• CC Moderate-to-severe duty 1960-1990
• CD Severe-duty 1955-1995
• CD-II Severe-duty two stroke
• CE Turbocharged Heavy-duty since 1983
• CF Upgrade over CE
• CF-II Upgrade over CD-II
• CF- 4 High-speed 4 Stroke Diesel 1990
• CG- 4 Low Sulfur Fuel 0.05% 1995
• CH - 4 Requirement for 1998
 Viscosity
• Viscosity refers to an Oils thickness or
its resistance to flow.
• High viscosity means thicker Oil
• SAE 40 is thicker than SAE 30
• Low Viscosity means thinner Oil
• The rate at which Oil thins out is called
the Oil’s Viscosity Index or V.I.
Viscosity
 Viscosity II
• The more VISCOUS (or thicker) an Oil is
the thicker the Oil film it will provide.

• The thicker the Oil film, the more resistant

it will be to being wiped or rubbed from
lubricated surfaces.
 Viscosity III
Oil that is too thick will have excessive
resistance to flow at low temperatures and
so may not flow quickly enough to those
parts requiring lubrication.
Viscosity
 Viscosity-Grades
• Single Grade Oil ( SAE 40 )
• Is an engine Oil that meets the SAE
viscosity grade classifications at a
temp. of 100 ° C (212 °F)
• Multi Grade Oil ( SAE 15 W 40 )
• Is an engine Oil that meets the SAE
viscosity grade classifications at a
temp. Of -18 ° C (0 °F) And at a
temp. Of 100 °C (212 °F)
• SAE 15 at -18° C. and 40 at 100° C.
 Base Stocks
• Mineral Base Stock

• Synthetic Base Stock

 Mineral Base Stock
• Mineral Base Stock
Refined from petroleum
crude Oils.
 Synthetic Base Stock
• Synthetic Base Stock
Formed by a chemical
process.
 Additives

• Additives strengthen or modify

certain characteristics of the base
Oil.
• Additives enable the oil to meet
requirements beyond the abilities
of the base Oil.
Additives
 Additives
• Detergents.
• Alkalinity Agents.
• Oxidation Inhibitors.
• Dispersants.
• Anti-Foaming Agents
• Anti-Wear Agents.
• Pour-point dispersants.
• Viscosity index improvers.
 Additives
• Detergents
• Help to keep the engine clean by
chemically reacting with oxidation
products.
• To stop the formation and deposit of
insoluble compounds (plug Oil filter).
• Change the combustion and oxidation
acids into harmless salts.
 Additives
• Alkalinity agents
• Alkalinity agents help neutralize
sulfur by products like sulphurous
and sulfuric acids.
• And retard corrosive damage to the
engine in particular Cylinder liners.
 Additives
• Oxidation Inhibitors

• Help prevent increases in viscosity.

• And the development of organic acids and
the formation of carbonaceous matter.

• Zinc is used as a anti-oxidant.

 Additives
• Dispersants
• Help prevent sludge formation by
dispersing contaminants and keeping
them in suspension.
• If particles are allowed to bond together,
they will eventually increase engine wear
and plug the Oil filters.
Additives
 Additives
• Anti-Foaming Agent
• Prevents the Oil from Foaming which
causes the loss of oil pressure,
• Foaming reduces the Oil’s cooling
ability,
• Once Oil becomes aerated it will lose its
lubricating capacity.
 Additives
• Anti-wear agents
• Reduce friction by forming a film on
metal surfaces and by protecting metal
surfaces from corrosion.
• Alkaline detergents and zinc are types of
agents.
 Additives
• Viscosity index improvers
• Help prevent the Oil from becoming too
thin at high temperatures.
• V.I. improvers are chemicals which
improve (reduce) the rate of viscosity
change with temperature change.
Additives
Chear
 Additives

• Pour-point dispersants
• Keep the Oil fluid at low temperatures by
preventing the growth and agglomeration
of wax crystals.
 Total Base Number (TBN)
• The alkalinity reserve in the oil is known
as its TBN
• The higher the TBN value the more acid
(sulfur) neutralizing capacity the Oil
contains.

• Refer to : Oil and Your Engine

 Why CF-4 /CG-4 Oils ?
• Top piston ring position has been important in
the redesign of 1990’s engines.
• Rings are now set higher on the piston,
• This reduces “dead space” in the combustion
chamber, thus improving fuel efficiency and
lowering emissions.
• Higher mounted top rings scrape more soot
from the sides of the liner and transport it to
the crankcase oil as soot.
Piston Redesign of 1990
Piston Top land Height difference
Crevice Volume

Redesign Earlier type

Cylinder Liner
 Why CF-4 /CG-4 Oils ?
• The new piston design results in top ring groove
temperatures being 60 ° C. (140 ° F) higher
than the earlier engine design.
• If an API CF-4 oil is not used , the higher
temperatures cause deposits to build up in the
ring grooves and on ring land areas.
• The Deposits will wear away the cross hatch
pattern (bore polishing).
 Ash or Sulfated Ash
• The Ash Content of an Oil is the noncombustible
residue of a lubricating oil.
• Additives contain metallic derivatives, such as
Barium, Calcium, and Magnesium compounds
that are common sources of Ash.
• These metallo-organic compounds in the Oil
provide the TBN for Oil alkalinity.
S.O.S.
And How do we Use it ?
S.O.S.
Scheduled
Oil
Sampling
S.O.S. Diagnostic Tests

1 : Wear Analysis

2 : Chemical and Physical Tests

3 : Oil Condition Analysis

 S.O.S. Diagnostic Tests
1 : Wear Analysis
• Inductive Coupled Plasma
Autosampler ICP.
• After 3 samples, trend lines can be
established.
 S.O.S. Diagnostic Tests
2 : Chemical and Physical Tests
• Detect Water, Fuel and Antifreeze
in the Oil.
• Water : Sputter test (0.1-0.5 %).
• Fuel : Cetaflash tester (4 %).
• Antifreeze : Chemical test (0 %).
 S.O.S. Diagnostic Tests
3 : Oil Condition Analysis.
• Is performed via Infrared Analysis.
• Determines and measures the amount of
contaminants such as Soot , Sulfur
Oxidation and Nitration products.
Oil Contamination
• Wear Elements : indicate that a part or a
component is wearing.
• Dirt : Blowby, in the Oil, Scraped from
cylinder walls.
• Soot : Partially burned fuel.
• Fuel : Failure in the fuel system.
• Water : Condensation / Coolant leakage.
• Glycol : Coolant leakage.
 Wear Elements
• CU = Copper
• Where do we find CU in the Engine ?

• Turbo Bearings.
• Oil Cooler.
• Bearings (Copper bounding).
• Gaskets.
• ??
 Wear Elements
• FE = Iron
• Where do we find FE in the Engine ?
• Camshafts and cam followers.
• Gearwheels.
• Pumps.
• Cylinder Liners.
• Valve Stem and Valve Guide
• ??
 Wear Elements
• CR = Chromium = Chrome
Where do we find CR in the engine ?

• Piston rings.
• Valve Stem.
• Fuel pump / Injector parts.
• Bearings.
• ??
 Wear Elements
• PB = Lead
Where do we find PB in the engine ?

• Bearings.
• ??
 Wear Elements
• AL = Aluminum
Where do we find AL in the engine ?

• Pistons.
• Bearings.
• Housings.
• ??
 Wear Elements
• SI = Silicon = Sand
• Silicone = Chemical compound
• Where do we find SI in the engine ?
• ??
• Dirty / Damaged / or no Air Filter.
• Assembly of dirty engine parts !
• Oil storage ? / Environment ?
 Wear Elements
• NA = Nitrate = Sodium.
Where do we find NA in the engine ?

• ??
• In the Oil !
• Sodium is a left over from an engine
coolant which has evaporated.
 Wear Elements
• SN = Tin
Where do we find SN in the engine ?

• Bearings
• ??
 I.R. Analysis
• ST = Soot
• Why Soot ?
• Soot is a by-product of combustion.
• Soot is an Insoluble particulate that
can plug Oil filters.
• Soot depletes the dispersant additives
in the Oil.
 I.R. Analysis
• OXI = Oxidation
• Why Oxidation ?
• Oxidation occurs when Oxygen attacks
petroleum fluids.
• This process is accelerated by heat.
• As Oil Oxidizes, it loses its lubricating
properties.
• The viscosity increases.
 I.R. Analysis
• NIT = Nitration
• Why Nitration ?
• Nitrogen compounds resulting from
the combustion process.
• Cause the oil to thicken, lose its
lubricating abilities.
• Reaches only problem levels in
natural gas engines.
 I.R. Analysis
• SUL = Sulfation
• Why Sulfation ?
• Sulfur is a by-product of combustion.
• Sulfur by itself is harmless.
• Sulfuric acid is formed when water/
condensation is present.
• TBN min. = 50 % of the new oil TBN
number.
 I.R. Analysis
• F = Fuel
• Why Fuel ?
• Injection system Failure.
• Fuel contamination decreases the
Oil’s lubricating properties.
• Clean Oil has a Flash point above
200 ° C. (392 ° F)
 I.R. Analysis
• W = Water
• Why Water ?
• Coolant leakage / Condensation.
• Water combined with oil creates an
emulsion which will plugs Oil filters.
• Water will evaporate but will leave
NA in the Oil.
 I.R. Analysis
• A = Antifreeze
• Why Antifreeze ?
• Ethylene Glycol / Antifreeze is an
indicator of coolant leaking.
• Glycol will cause sludge to form in the
oil and can plug Oil filters.
• Glycol will speed up Oxidation.
Wear Element Combinations
• Fe
• Where do we find FE on its own ??
• Camshaft
• Lifters.
• Gears.
• Pumps.
• Valve Stem / Valve Guide
• ??
Wear Element Combinations
• FE + CR + SI are High ??
• Dirt has entered the engine through
the air intake system.
• Piston ring wear !!!
• Cylinder liner wear !!!
Wear Element Combinations
• SI + FE + PB + AL are High ??
• Dirt in the lower engine.
• Potential crankshaft and bearing
wear.
• Blowby ?
• ??
Wear Element Combinations

• Do we know more Wear Element

combinations ?
• Or Other combinations ?
Oil Change Interval Extension
• There are 6 Parameters that can tell the extent of Oil
degradation,
1 : TBN or Sulfur level.
2 : Soot level.
3 : Oxidation level.
4 : Viscosity.
5 : Contamination levels
Water / Antifreeze /
Fuel / Wear Debris / Dirt
6 : Condition of the Oil Filter (Plugged/Sludged ).
 Excessive Engine Oil
Consumption
• Excessive oil consumption is determined
for engine from the 3100 Series to the
3400Series using the Service Warranty
Bulletin No. 6.5
• Excessive oil consumption is determined
by measuring the amount of oil
consumed compared to the amount of
fuel consumed.
 Oil Consumption
• Commercial engines can also have the oil
consumption calculated
• Brake Specific Oil Consumption = B.S.O.C.
– BSOC = pounds of oil consumed per Hp per Hour
– BSOC = Lbs./Hp-Hr.
– Reference EDS Sheet 96.2
• Oil Consumption Data
• Oil Usage US Gals = Engine Hp X Load Factor X BSOC / 7.5
• Difficult part of this formula is to determine the correct Load
Factor.
Questions ?