ANCHORAGE

• “The site of delivery from which a force is

exerted”.
-White and Gardiner
• Graber clarified this a bit further, when he
defined anchorage as “the nature and degree
of resistance to displacement offered by an
anatomic unit when used for the purpose of
affecting tooth movement”.
 SOURCES OF ANCHORAGE
• These are anatomical units and /or regions which
are used for the purpose of providing the
resistance to movement, i.e. Anchorage
• Further divided into groups depending upon their
location as -
1) intraoral sources
2)extraoral sources
INTRAORAL SOURCES OF ANCHORAGE

• The anchorage units lie within the oral cavity.

They include :-
• The alveolar bone
• The teeth
• The basal bone
• The cortical bone
• The musculature
• Alveolar Bone
Within limits t e alveolar bone resists deformation
. this can be seen from the rearrangement of
trabecular pattern within the alveolar bone . Once
the forces generated exceed those that can be
resisted by the alveolar bone it permits tooth
movement by bone remodeling.
• TEETH
- Teeth by themselves resist movement . Forces
can be exerted from one set of teeth to move
certain other teeth .
- The anchorage potential of teeth depends upon a
number of factors includes- the root form , the
size of roots, the number of roots , the position of
the teeth , the axial inclination of the teeth , their
intercuspation , etc.
Basal bone
- Basal bone Certain areas of the basal bone like
the hard palate and the lingual surface of the
mandible in the anterior region can be used to
augment the anchorage .
- The Nance palatal button is one such appliance
that makes use of the palate to provide
resistance to the mesial movement of the
maxillary molars.
• Cortical bone
- Ricketts floated the idea of using cortical bone for
anchorage. The contention being that the cortical
bone is denser with decreased blood supplies and
bone turnover.
- Hence , if certain teeth were torqued to come in
contact with the cortical bone they would have a
greater anchorage potential.
- The idea as such remains controversial as tooth
roots also show resorption in such conditions and
the risk of non-vitality of such teeth is also more.
• Musculature
- Under normal circumstances the perioral
musculature plays an important part in the
growth and development of the dental arches.
- Hypotonicity of the perioral musculature might
lead to spacing and flaring of the anterior teeth .
- The hypertonicity of the very same muscles has
the reverse effect.
 CLASSIFICATION OF ANCHORAGE
• A) Anchorage classified according to the manner
of force application as :
• 1. Simple
• 2. Stationary
• 3. Reciprocal
• B) Anchorage classification according to the jaws
involved as :
• 1. Intra maxillary
• 2. inter maxillary
• C) Anchorage classified according to the site
where the anchorage units as :
- Intraoral
- Extraoral
- Muscular

D) Anchorage classified according to the number

of anchorage units as:
- Single
- Compounds
- Reinforced
• 5) White and Gardiner classified anchorage into
six categories as :
- Simple
- Stationary
- Reciprocal
- Reinforced
- Intermaxillary
- Extraoral
INTRAORAL ANCHORAGE
• This type of anchorage is said to exist when and
only when all the anchorage units are present
within the oral cavity.
• Intraoral anchorage can be further divided into
intramaxillary or intermaxillary anchorage
depending upon the location of anchorage
providing elements between the two jaws.
 INTRAMAXILLARY ANCHORAGE

• When all the elements providing the anchorage as

well as those to be moved are situated within the
same jaws, the anchorage is described as
intramaxillary.
• Intramaxillary anchorage can be further subdivided
into 3 subtype depending upon the manner of force
application-
a) simple
b) stationary
c) reciprocal
 SIMPLE ANCHORAGE
• Simple anchorage is said to exist when the
manner and application of force is such that it
tends to change the axial inclination of the tooth
or teeth that form the anchorage unit in the plane
of space in which the force is being applied.
• Simple anchorage is obtained by engaging a
greater number of teeth than are to be moved.
Single tooth being pushed labially using an
appliance incorporation a screw
 STATIONARY ANCHORAGE
• Stationary anchorage is said to exist when the
application of force tends to displace the anchorage
units bodily in the plane of space in which the force
is being applied. The anchorage potential of teeth
being moved bodily is considerably greater as
compared to teeth being tipped.
 RECIPROCAL ANCHORAGE
• Reciprocal anchorage is said to exist when two
teeth or two sets of teeth move to an equal extent
in an opposite direction. Here the root surface
area of the so-called anchorage units is equal to
that of the teeth to be moved.
• The effect of the forces exerted is equal; i.e. the
two sets of teeth are displaced in the displaced in
the opposing direction but by the same amount.
INTERMAXILLARY ANCHORAGE
• When the anchorage units situated in one jaw are
used to provide the force required to moved teeth
in the opposing jaw the anchorage is called
intermaxillary. This type of anchorage is also
termed as Baker’s anchorage.
• Intermaxillary anchorage can also be further
subdivided into 3 subtype depending upon the
manner of force application as:
a) Simple
b) Stationary
c) Reciprocal
 SINGLE OR PRIMARY ANCHORAGE
• Cases where the tooth to be moved is pitted
against a tooth with a greater alveolar support
area is said to display primary or single
anchorage.
 COMPOUND ANCHORAGE
This type of anchorage provide for the use of more
teeth with greater anchorage potential to move a
tooth or group of teeth with lesser support.
 REINFORCED ANCHORAGE
Here the anchorage units are reinforced by the
use of more than one type of resistance units.
 EXTRAORAL ANCHORAGE
• The anchorage units are situated outside the oral
cavity or extraorally. The extraoral structures
most frequently used at the cervical region,
occiput headgear , the forehead and the chin
with the use of extraoral anchorage the
anchorage units are situated far away from the
actual site where the movement is taking place
there is hardly any chance of any changes of any
changes taking place in the anchorage units.
• The biggest disadvantage of extraoral anchorage
is the apparent lack of patient cooperation.
THANK YOU