Parts of Motherboard

SYSTEM BOARD/MOTHERBOARD

 The term SYSTEM BOARD can be used to describe any number

of circuit boards that make up the internals of your computer,
but it is used most often to describe the MOTHERBOARD.

 The motherboard is the main board in your computer that

contains the BIOS chips, RAM, I/O ports, and CPU.

 This board maintains the electrical pathways that enable all other
components to communicate with each other.
SYSTEM BOARD/MOTHERBOARD
 DAUGHTERBOARD

In some computers, you will hear the term

daughter board used. A daughter board is a board
that contains some of the chips that should have
been put on the motherboard, but were not—
perhaps due to space limitations or other reasons.
DAUGHTERBOARDS
ATX MOTHERBOARD
ATX MOTHERBOARD
Components Placements
AT/ATX MOTHERBOARD
ATX MOTHERBOARD
AGP And PCI Slots
ATX MOTHERBOARD
Rear Panel I/O Ports
ATX MOTHERBOARD
Rear Panel I/O Ports
 ATX MOTHERBOARD
ATX 20 Pins Power Connector
 1. PROCESSOR/CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

 The processor is the “brain of the computer ”

 It has been designed to do things extremely fast.

 The processor performs a limited set of calculations based on requests from the operating
system and controls access to system memory.

 Processor speed is measured in several different ways which will give you an estimate of the
processor’s power:
a. in clock cycles
b. in frequency, Megahertz (MHz)
c. millions of instructions per second (MIPS)

 The speed of early processors ranged from 4–8MHz, while today’s processors have entered
the Gigahertz (GHz) mark.
PROCESSOR/CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
 2. MEMORY

 It refers to devices that are used to store data or programs

(sequences of instructions) on a temporary or permanent basis for
use in an electronic digital computer.

 It is meant to refer to the semiconductor technology that is used to

store information in electronic devices.
 TWO TYPES OF MEMORY
1. VOLATILE MEMORY - is a computer memory that requires
power to maintain the stored information since all data is lost when
memory is not powered.
e.g. RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)

2. NON-VOLATILE MEMORY - is computer memory that can

retain the stored information even when not powered.
e.g. READ-ONLY MEMORY (ROM)
RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY

READ ONLY MEMORY

3. Expansion slot
An opening in a computer where a circuit
board can be inserted to add new
capabilities to the computer. Nearly all
personal computers except portables
contain expansion slots for adding more
memory, graphics capabilities, and
support
for special devices.The boards inserted
into the expansion slots are called
expansion boards, expansion cards , cards
, add-ins , and add-ons.
4. PCI Slot
 An extension of the PCI bus used in
portable computers. Designed for
peripherals such as modems and network
adapters, Mini PCI cards are credit-card
sized modules that snap onto the
motherboard; they are not inserted into
external slots like PC Cards.
 P CI-Express slot ( PC Ie )
 PCIe slots are found on many
motherboards, letting computer users
install components into them.They allow
the motherboard and other software in a
computer to access and use devices
connected to these slots.
5. AGP Slot
 An AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)
slot is a connector on your motherboard
specifically designed for use with a video
card.The AGP slot provides the fast
connection and bandwidth that your
video card needs to communicate with
your processor and your display.
6. Memory Slots
commonly refers to the slot computer
memory is placed it on the computer
motherboard or i/o board
 a connector on the motherboard of a
computer that enables extra memory
chips to be added.
7. IDE connector
 An IDE connector is the contact point
between the long flat ribbon cable and a
hardware device. Normally they are used
to connect a CD/DVD-ROM drive to the
motherboard inside the computer using a
ribbon cable.
8. SATA connector
 (Serial ATA) The common interface for
hard disks and optical discs in the
computer.
 Serial ATA (SATA) is an IDE stan for
dard
connecting
drives and devices like to
hard drives optical
the motherboard.The term SATA
generally refers to the types of and
connections that followcables
this standard.
 9. CMOS Battery
CMOS is short for Complementary Metal-Oxide
Semiconductor, which is the type of manufacturing process
that creates most integrated circuits.

The term complementary refers to the fact that these chips

use negatively and positively charged transistors (which
complement each other) to store information.

CMOS process is used to create RAM and High-speed

processors
BIOS use CMOS to hardware configuration settings that are saved
between reboots of your computer. These settings include:
 Hard drives and floppy drives
 Memory
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Power on password
 Date
 Time
 ACPI (Advance Configuration Power Interface) save settings
 10. BIOS

 BIOS is short for Basic Input Output System. The BIOS is actually
software that is stored in a ROM (Read Only Memory) chip on your
motherboard.

 The BIOS is responsible for controlling or managing the POST

(Power On Self Test), the boot process, and the interaction of
components on the motherboard.

 BIOS is responsible for all low-level processes and is extremely

important to the system.
BIOS SET UP
11. Southbridge Chipset
Southbridge is an Intel chipset that manages

the basic forms of input/output ( I/O ) such
as Universal Serial Bus ( USB ), serial ,
audio,
Integrated Drive Electronics ( IDE ), and
Industry Standard Architecture ( ISA ) I/O
in
a computer.
he Southbridge is the chip that controls all of
and the IDEchannels.
the computers In othersuch
I/O functions, words, all of
as USB,
the functions
audio, of asystem
serial, the processor except
BIOS, the memory,P
ISA bus,
CI and AGP.
12. Northbridge Chipset
Northbridge controls
the processor , memory , Peripheral
Component Interconnect ( PCI ) bus ,
Level
2 cache , and all Accelerated Graphics Port
( AGP ) activities.
Northbridge is an Intel chipset that
communicates with the
computer processor and controls
interaction with memory, the Peripheral
Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, Level
2 cache, and all Accelerated Graphics Port
(AGP) activities.
 TYPES OF POWER SUPPLY
1. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY (AT) POWER SUPPLY
 Based on the AT Motherboard technology
 These power supplies are reasonably inexpensive due to their age
and have been removed from old personal computers.
 On AT power supplies, the Power-on switch wire from the front of
the computer is connected directly to the power supply.

2. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY EXTENDED (ATX)

POWER SUPPLY
 Based on the ATX Motherboard technology
 On newer ATX power supplies, the power switch on the front of
the computer goes to the motherboard over a connector labeled
something like; PS ON, Power SW, SW Power, etc. This allows
other hardware and/or software to turn the system on and off.
 POWER SUPPLY CABLE CONNECTORS

1. PC MAIN POWER CONNECTOR

2. +12V ATX 4-PIN POWER CONNECTOR
3. 4-PIN PERIPHERAL POWER CONNECTORS
4. 4-PIN FLOPPY DRIVE POWER CONNECTORS
5. AUXILIARY POWER CONNECTORS
6. SERIAL ATA POWER CONNECTORS
 1. PC MAIN POWER CONNECTOR
It is usually called P1 POWER CONNECTOR.
It is the connector that goes to the motherboard to provide it with
power.
The connector has 20 or 24 pins. One of the pins belongs to the PS-
ON wire (it is usually green).
This connector is the largest of all the connectors.
In older AT power supply, this connector was split in two: P8 and
P9.
A power supply with a 24-pin connector can be used on a
motherboard with a 20-pin connector.
In cases where the motherboard has a 24-pin connector, some
power supplies come with two connectors (one with 20-pin and
other with 4-pin) which can be used together to form the 24-pin
connector.
AT MAIN POWER CONNECTOR 20 PIN ATX MAIN POWER CONNECTOR

24 PIN ATX MAIN 20 + 4 PIN ATX MAIN

POWER CONNECTOR POWER CONNECTOR

PC MAIN POWER CONNECTOR

 2. +12V ATX 4-PIN POWER CONNECTOR

Also called the P4 POWER CONNECTOR

A second connector that goes to the motherboard (in

addition to the main 24-pin connector) to supply
dedicated power for the processor.

For high-end motherboards and processors, more

power is required, therefore EPS12V has an 8 pin
connector.
+ 12 VOLTS 4 PIN ATX POWER + 12 VOLTS 8 PIN EPS POWER
CONNECTOR CONNECTOR

+12V ATX POWER CONNECTOR

3. 4-PIN PERIPHERAL POWER CONNECTORS

These are the other, smaller connectors that go to the

various disk drives of the computer.

Most of them have four wires: TWO BLACK, ONE

RED, AND ONE YELLOW.

Unlike the standard mains electrical wire color-

coding, each black wire is a ground, the red wire is +5
V, and the yellow wire is +12 V.
4-PIN PERIPHERAL POWER CONNECTORS
4. 4-PIN FLOPPY DRIVE POWER CONNECTORS

This is one of the smallest connectors that supplies

the floppy drive with power.
5. AUXILIARY POWER CONNECTORS

This is an auxiliary connector designed to provide

additional power if it is needed.
 6. SERIAL ATA POWER CONNECTORS
A 15-pin connector for components which use
SATA power plugs.
This connector supplies power at three different
voltages: +3.3, +5, and +12 volts.
POWER SUPPLY CONNECTION
AT MAIN POWER CABLE CONNECTION
20+4 PIN ATX MAIN POWER CABLE CONNECTION
4 PIN ATX + 12 V0LTS MAIN POWER CABLE CONNECTION
6-PIN AUXILLIARY POWER CABLE CONNECTION
20-PIN ATX MAIN POWER CABLE CONNECTION
24-PIN ATX MAIN POWER CABLE CONNECTION
4-PIN PERIPHERAL POWER CABLE CONNECTION
FLOPPY DRIVE POWER CABLE CONNECTION
SATA DRIVE POWER CABLE CONNECTION
14. Heat sink
 A type of protective device capable of
absorbing heat and used as a heat shield.
In nuclear propulsion, any
thermodynamic device, such as a radiator
or condenser, that is designed to absorb
the excess heat energy of the working
fluid. Also known
as heat dump.
15. Cooling fan
 A fan is a powered device used to create
flow within a gas, usually air.
 A computer fan is any fan inside, or
attached to, a computer case used
foractive cooling, and may refer to
fansdraw cooler air into the case from
that
the outside, expel warm air from inside,
or move air across a heatsink to cool a
particular component.
 16. PORTS

On your computer, ports act as connection points for cables,

enabling the transfer of data between your computer and
another device.

There are several different types of connectors and cables

that are used to join devices together. The list of devices that
can be communicated with through the different types of
ports is limitless.a
PORTS
 USB (Universal Serial Bus) Port
Function:
-- High speed serial interface that is used with almost all
devices. It is used to connect latest model printers, pen
drives, cell phones etc. it has 4 pins.
Mouse port
 A dedicated socket in the computer for a
mouse.
Keyboard port
 It is the port on the back of the computer
where the keyboard plugs in. It is round
and usually purple.
Audio port
 Computer audio ports allow sound to
enter your computer (input) or send
sound to another device (output).These
ports accept 3.5 mm jacks to be plugged
into them. Each port is normally color-
coded with a symbol, such as a
microphone or headphone emblem, to
indicate which device the port is used for.
LAN port
Alternatively referred to as an Ethernet
port, the LAN port is a port connection
that allows a computer to connect to a
network using a wired connection. In the
picture to the right, is a close up example
of what a LAN port looks like for a
network cable using an RJ-45 connector.
In the case of this example, the two led
lights will blink when that port is active
and receiving activity
Parallel port
 A parallel port is a type of interface
found on computers (personal and
otherwise) for connecting various
peripherals. In computing, a parallel port
is a parallel communication physical
interface. It is
also known as a printer port or
Centronics port.
Video port
 Also called a "graphics port" or "VGA
port," it is a socket on the back of a
computer used to connect a monitor. On
a PC, the standard video port is a 15-pin
VGA connector for an analog monitor.
 Serial port
 in computing, a serial port is a serial
communication physical interface
through which information transfers in or
out one bit at a time (contrast parallel
port).