UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

Bachelor’s of Sciences ( Biotechnology)

Subject Name: COMPUTER APPLICATION TO
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Code : 20BTT152
Topic 1.1- (Central Dogma)
Instructor: Jashanpreet kaur (E6017)

DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

 COURSE OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES
OBJECTIVES TITLE LEVEL

CO1 To acquaint students with knowledge of computer L1-L2

application and its utility.

CO2 It would enable them to understand the fundamentals

L3-L4
and application of computers in the relevant field.

CO3 It would enable the learners to use the online tools of L5-L6
Bioinformatics for research work

OUTCOMES TITLE

CO1 To educate and make them up to date with the current scientific
literature, computer programs and web information based training
in technical skills in methods of biotechnology.
CO2
To ensure students are able to effectively communicate with biotech and
other interdisciplinary professionals.

CO3 To produce responsible biotechnologists that can work within the

interdisciplinary framework of biotechnology and related fields.
 Contents
• Central dogma

• DNA

• Proteins

• RNA

• Relationship between gene and proteins

 Structure of Cells

https://microbenotes.com/central-dogma-replication-transcription-translation/#:~:text=DNA%20contains%20the
%20complete%20genetic,and%20function%20of%20an%20organism.&text=Conversion%20of%20DNA%20encode
d%20information,DNA%20to%20RNA%20to%20protein
 What are Cells Made of?
• Membranes (fats)
• Proteins
• Carbohydrates (sugars)
• Cofactors (vitamins)
• Nucleic acids
 Central Dogma of Biology

DNA RNA PROTEIN

Data storage Readout Execution

https://microbenotes.com/central-dogma-replication-transcription-translation/#:~:text=DNA%20contains%20the%
20complete%20genetic,and%20function%20of%20an%20organism.&text=Conversion%20of%20DNA%20encoded%
20information,DNA%20to%20RNA%20to%20protein
 What is DNA?
• DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid
• It is a polymer of nucleotides
• It encodes the information necessary to build a cell
• It allows the storage and replication and execution of cellular information
 Structure of Nucleotides

A G

C U T

https://microbenotes.com/central-dogma-replication-transcription-translation/#:~:text=DNA%20contains%20the%20complete%20genetic,and%20function%20of%20an%20organ
ism.&text=Conversion%20of%20DNA%20encoded%20information,DNA%20to%20RNA%20to%20protein
.
 What are Proteins?
• Proteins are polymers of amino acids
• Each protein has a unique sequence of amino acids
• The sequence of amino acids specifies protein shape and function
 Proteins Have Many Functions in Cells
• They make most of the structures in cells
• They are the enzymes that break down food
• They are responsible for building new parts
• They act as the eyes and ears of cells

Most cell functions are carried out by proteins

 Proteins Make Cellular Structures
To folded To assembled
protein structure

Cells are built from

LLCDGGALPTYSLQTIAALMRRTLGGDEHICVLISTH
proteins (and some
other stuff)
From primary transcript
What are Amino Acids?
Amino Acids Polymerize to Form Proteins

H 0 H0
-N-C-C-N-C-C-N-
HR HR H
Sequence of Protein Dictates its Folding
Pattern
How Does DNA Specify the Sequence of a Protein?

• A DNA sequence must be “decoded” to make a

protein
• This decoding requires creation of an RNA template
• Creation of “messenger RNA” is called
transcription
• Creation of protein from the mRNA is called
translation
 Two Types of RNA

DNA
ATGGCCTAAGCTCTGA

mRNA
UACCGGAUUCGAGACU
mRNA looks like DNA and is
essentially a copy of a gene
“transfer” RNA (tRNA) is an
adaptor used in protein
synthesis
Information Flow in Protein Synthesis
Where Do Genes Start and Stop?
START SIGNAL
start site

STOP SIGNAL
Synthesis of RNA
Understanding the Genetic “Code”

ANY STRAND OF RNA

……CUCAGCGUUACCAU…
CAN BE READ IN THREE
DIFFERENT “FRAMES”
Genetic Code is Translated by Two Sequential
“Adaptors”

Net result: tryptophan is selected by its codon

Proteins are Made on Ribosomes
Information Flow is Simpler in Procaryotics
The Structure of Genes in Eucaryotes Can Be Complex
Relationship Between Genes and Proteins
 Summary
• There must be “information” that specifies the assembly of cell parts
• DNA contains the information necessary to build a cell
• The mechanisms by which DNA gives rise to cells and organisms is at the heart of the “central dogma”
of biology
 REFERENCES
• Computer Applications in Biotechnology – Munack and Schnoert
Bioinformatics, Genomics, And Proteomics: Getting the Big Picture
• Genomes by T. A. Brown
• Reference Book
• file:///F:/New%20folder/Basics%20of%20Bioinformatics_%20Lecture%20Notes%20of%20the%20Graduate%
20Summer%20School%20on%20Bioinformatics%20of%20China%20(%20PDFDrive%20).pdf

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THANK YOU

For queries
Email: jashanpreet.medtech@cumail.in