Bio 131 CH 13 Exam 4 Review - Clicker - Ppts - Fa2021

Campbell Biology in Focus
Third Edition
Chapter 13
The Molecular Basis of
Inheritance
Questions prepared by
Douglas Darnowski
Indiana University Southeast
James Langeland
Kalamazoo College
Murty S. Kambhampati
Southern University at New Orleans
Roberta Batorsky
Temple University
Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Question 1
Who conducted the X-ray diffraction studies that were key to the
discovery of the structure of DNA?
A. Griffith
B. Franklin
C. Meselson and Stahl
D. Chargaff
E. McClintock
Answer 1
Who conducted the X-ray diffraction studies that were key to the
discovery of the structure of DNA?
A. Griffith
B. Franklin
C. Meselson and Stahl
D. Chargaff
E. McClintock
Structure of DNA
James Watson (Am) & Francis Crick (GBR) - 1953
Nobel Prize 1954
Cavendish Lab, Cambridge U.
First to put all the pieces together
• Numerous Models proposed

Nobel Prize 1962
– Linus Pauling triple helix
• Pieces of the Puzzle
1. Chargaff Ratios
2. X-ray diffraction pattern
• Wilkens and Franklin
– First to get highly purified DNA
• Highly ordered
• Bases 0.34nm apart
• Helix
3. Build the model 4
Figure 13.3 Inquiry: Can a Genetic Trait Be
Transferred Between Different Bacterial Strains?
“Transformation” of avirulent
R strain to a virulent S strain
6
Avery,
MacLeod
& McCarty
ENZYMES
Protease
RNase
DNase
Figure 13.5 Inquiry: Is Protein or DNA
the Genetic Material of Phage T2?
Question 2
The backbone of a double stranded DNA molecule consists of

which of the following?
A. Van der Waals interactions

B. hydrogen bonds
C. purine-pyrimidine base-pairs
D. antiparallel sugar-phosphate polymers
Answer 2
The backbone of a double stranded DNA molecule consists of
which of the following?
A. Van der Waals interactions
B. hydrogen bonds
C. purine-pyrimidine base-pairs
D. antiparallel sugar-phosphate polymers
Question 3
Suppose a double-stranded DNA molecule was shown to have

15% adenine bases. What would be the expected percentage of
guanine bases in that molecule?
A. 15%
B. 35%
C. 85%
D. not enough information
Answer 3
Suppose a double-stranded DNA molecule was shown to have

15% adenine bases. What would be the expected percentage of
guanine bases in that molecule?
A. 15%
B. 35%
C. 85%
D. not enough information
Question 4
Suppose a 100-base-pair DNA molecule consists of 20%

cytosine bases. How many total hydrogen bonds are there
holding the two strands together?
A. 20
B. 60
C. 100
D. 220
Answer 4
Suppose a 100-base-pair DNA molecule consists of 20%

cytosine bases. How many total hydrogen bonds are there
holding the two strands together?
A. 20
B. 60
C. 100
D. 220
20 x 3 = 60
80 x 2 = 160
Meselson & Stahl
Question 5
In Meselson and Stahl’s experiment proving semi-conservative D NA

replication, they showed that after switching bacteria from heavy to
light nitrogen and allowing one round of replication, their DNA
consisted of only hybrid DNA.
What did they observe after the second round of replication?
A. only hybrid DNA

B. equal amounts of light and hybrid DNA
C. equal amounts of light, hybrid and heavy DN
A
D. three times as much light as hybrid DNA
Answer 5

light nitrogen and allowing one round of replication, their DNA
consisted of only hybrid DNA.
What did they observe after the second round of replication?
A. only hybrid DNA

B. equal amounts of light and hybrid DNA
C. equal amounts of light, hybrid and heavy DNA
D. three times as much light as hybrid DNA
17
Observed Results
Question 6

light nitrogen and allowing two rounds of replication, their DNA
consisted of equal amounts of light and hybrid DNA.
If they were to have observed the density of the DNA after three
replications, what would they have observed?
A. equal amounts of light and hybrid DNA

B. twice as much light as hybrid DNA
C. three times as much light as hybrid DNA
D. four times as much light as hybrid DNA
Answer 6

light nitrogen and allowing two rounds of replication, their DNA
consisted of equal amounts of light and hybrid DNA.
If they were to have observed the density of the DNA after three
replications, what would they have observed?
A. equal amounts of light and hybrid DNA

B. twice as much light as hybrid DNA
C. three times as much light as hybrid DNA
D. four times as much light as hybrid DNA
This would have supported conservative model!
Figure 13.17 Synthesis of the Leading
Strand During
DNA Replication
Main “Replicase”
Question 7
Comparing the leading and the lagging strands of DNA synthesis, how do they
differ?
A. The leading strand is synthesized in the same direction as the movement of

the replication fork, and the lagging strand is synthesized in the opposite
direction.
B. The leading strand is synthesized at twice the rate of the lagging strand.
C. The leading strand is synthesized in short fragments that are ultimately
stitched together, whereas the lagging strand is synthesized continuously.
D. The leading strand is synthesized by adding nucleotides to the 3′ end of the
growing strand, and the lagging strand is synthesized by adding nucleotides
to the 5′ end.
Answer 7
Comparing the leading and the lagging strands of DNA synthesis, how do they
differ?
A. The leading strand is synthesized in the same direction as the

movement of the replication fork, and the lagging strand is
synthesized in the opposite direction.
B. The leading strand is synthesized at twice the rate of the lagging strand.
C. The leading strand is synthesized in short fragments that are ultimately
stitched together, whereas the lagging strand is synthesized continuously.
D. The leading strand is synthesized by adding nucleotides to the 3′ end of the
growing strand, and the lagging strand is synthesized by adding nucleotides
to the 5′ end.
• Both strands synthesized in
5’-3’ direction
– One strand CONTINUOUSLY

synthesized
• Leading Strand
• Only one primer needed
– Other strand DISCONTINUOUSLY

synthesized
• Lagging Strand - Strand “lags”
behind
• Short stretches synthesized in 5’-3’
direction
• Requires multiple primers!
23
Question 8
Consider the replication bubble diagrammed at the right. Which

letters represent leading strands?
A. W and X
B. Y and Z
C. W and Z
D. X and Y
Answer 8
Consider the replication bubble diagrammed at the right. Which

letters represent leading strands?
A. W and X
B. Y and Z
C. W and Z
D. X and Y
Can only synthesize 5’ to 3’
Question 11
What enzyme compensates for replication-associated

shortening?
A. DNA polymerase II
B. ligase
C. telomerase
D. DNA nuclease
E. proofreading enzyme
Answer 11
What enzyme compensates for replication-associated

shortening?
A. DNA polymerase II
B. ligase
C. telomerase
D. DNA nuclease
E. proofreading enzyme
Replicating the Ends of DNA Molecules (3
of 4)
• If chromosomes of germ cells became shorter in every

cell cycle, essential genes would eventually be missing
from the gametes they produce
• An enzyme called
Telomerase catalyzes
the lengthening of
telomeres in germ cells
• Telomerase brings in
its own RNA template
• Extends unreplicated
end
Figure 13.19 A Summary of Bacterial
DNA Replication
Topoisomerase
Elongation by Replisome
• DNA Pol III extends

both strands 5 3’ Replisome
fashion
• Leading strand –
continuous synthesis
• Lagging strand –
discontinuous
Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 30
Question 12
Which of the following lists of replication enzymes consist only

of polymerases?
A. helicase, primase, DNA pol III

B. ligase, DNA pol I
C. primase, DNA pol I, DNA pol III
D. DNA pol I, DNA pol III, helicase
Answer 12
Which of the following lists of replication enzymes consist only

of polymerases?
A. helicase, primase, DNA pol III

B. ligase, DNA pol I
C. primase, DNA pol I, DNA pol III
D. DNA pol I, DNA pol III, helicase
Remember the Primase is an RNA polymerase!!
Question 13
Imagine a bacterial cell with a mutation that renders DNA Pol I

completely nonfunctional (note that this would be a lethal
mutation). What, precisely, would go wrong with replication in
this cell?
A. inability to unwind double helix

B. inability to prime replication
C. inability to extend the length of leading and lagging strands
D. inability to replace primers
Answer 13
Imagine a bacterial cell with a mutation that renders DNA Pol I

completely nonfunctional (note that this would be a lethal
mutation). What, precisely, would go wrong with replication in
this cell?
A. inability to unwind double helix

B. inability to prime replication
C. inability to extend the length of leading and lagging strands
D. inability to replace primers
35
Priming New DNA Synthesis

• DNA Pol III extends
new DNA strand in
prokaryotes
• On Lagging strand it
stops when hits next
Okazaki fragment
• Leading strand just goes
• Is there a problem
here??
36
RNA/DNA Heteroduplex
• DNA POL I comes

in!!
• 5’3’ exonuclease
activity to remove
RNA primers
• 5’ 3’ polymerase
activity to fill in the gap
with DNA
Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes
Question 14
DNA replication overall has very high fidelity. Which of the

following phenomena or processes contributes to this high
fidelity?
A. base pairing
B. proofreading
C. mismatch repair
D. all of the above
Answer 14
DNA replication overall has very high fidelity. Which of the

following phenomena or processes contributes to this high
fidelity?
A. base pairing
B. proofreading
C. mismatch repair
D. all of the above
Figure 13.21 Nucleotide Excision Repair
of DNA Damage
Endonuclease Activity
Question 15
DNA replication overall has very high fidelity, but it is not perfect.
What is the biological and evolutionary importance of this
imperfection?
A. It allows for DNA repair to occur.

B. It allows for gene cloning.
C. It allows for genetic variation.
D. It allows for gene editing.
Answer 15
DNA replication overall has very high fidelity, but it is not perfect.
What is the biological and evolutionary importance of this
imperfection?
A. It allows for DNA repair to occur.

B. It allows for gene cloning.
C. It allows for genetic variation.
D. It allows for gene editing.
Question 16
Arrange the following terms in order, from smallest to largest

size: nucleosome, metaphase chromosome, histone, 30-nm
fiber.
A. histone, nucleosome, 30-nm fiber, metaphase chromosome

B. nucleosome, histone, 30-nm fiber, metaphase chromosome
C. histone, nucleosome, metaphase chromosome, 30-nm fiber
D. 30-nm fiber, histone, nucleosome, metaphase chromosome
Answer 16
Arrange the following terms in order, from smallest to largest

size: nucleosome, metaphase chromosome, histone, 30-nm
fiber.
A. histone, nucleosome, 30-nm fiber, metaphase chromosome

B. nucleosome, histone, 30-nm fiber, metaphase chromosome
C. histone, nucleosome, metaphase chromosome, 30-nm fiber
D. 30-nm fiber, histone, nucleosome, metaphase chromosome
45
A final level of condensation

• A scaffold of nonhistone proteins condenses the 30nm
chromatin fiber into loops or supercoiled domains
• Looped domain make a 300 nm fiber
300 nm 10 nm 2 nm
Figure 13.23 Exploring Chromatin
Packing in a Eukaryotic Chromosome
• During mitosis, the looped 300 nm fiber fully condenses
to make the Metaphase chromososme
Heterochromatin vs Euchromatin
• Heterochromation is in the solenoid form (30 nm)
– Transcriptionally Inactive
• Euchromatin is in the “beads on a string” configuration (10 nm)
– Transcriptionally Active
48
Diagram of the structure of the functional state of the E coli chromosome.

Bio 218.Chp9
Question 19
Which of the following correctly matches each gene tool with its
function?
A. restriction enzyme: amplify; PCR: cut; CRISPR-cas9: edit

B. restriction enzyme: edit; PCR: amplify; CRISPR-cas9: cut
C. restriction enzyme: cut; PCR: edit; CRISPR-cas9: amplify
D. restriction enzyme: cut; PCR: amplify; CRISPR-cas9: edit
Answer 19
Which of the following correctly matches each gene tool with its
function?
A. restriction enzyme: amplify; PCR: cut; CRISPR-cas9: edit

B. restriction enzyme: edit; PCR: amplify; CRISPR-cas9: cut
C. restriction enzyme: cut; PCR: edit; CRISPR-cas9: amplify
D. restriction enzyme: cut; PCR: amplify; CRISPR-cas9: edit
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Campbell Biology in Focus

• Numerous Models proposed

The backbone of a double stranded DNA molecule consists of

A. Van der Waals interactions

Suppose a double-stranded DNA molecule was shown to have

Suppose a double-stranded DNA molecule was shown to have

Suppose a 100-base-pair DNA molecule consists of 20%

Suppose a 100-base-pair DNA molecule consists of 20%

In Meselson and Stahl’s experiment proving semi-conservative D NA

A. only hybrid DNA

In Meselson and Stahl’s experiment proving semi-conservative D NA

A. only hybrid DNA

In Meselson and Stahl’s experiment proving semi-conservative D NA

A. equal amounts of light and hybrid DNA

In Meselson and Stahl’s experiment proving semi-conservative D NA

A. equal amounts of light and hybrid DNA

This would have supported conservative model!

A. The leading strand is synthesized in the same direction as the movement of

A. The leading strand is synthesized in the same direction as the

– One strand CONTINUOUSLY

– Other strand DISCONTINUOUSLY

Consider the replication bubble diagrammed at the right. Which

Consider the replication bubble diagrammed at the right. Which

Can only synthesize 5’ to 3’

What enzyme compensates for replication-associated

What enzyme compensates for replication-associated

• If chromosomes of germ cells became shorter in every

• DNA Pol III extends

Which of the following lists of replication enzymes consist only

A. helicase, primase, DNA pol III

Which of the following lists of replication enzymes consist only

A. helicase, primase, DNA pol III

Remember the Primase is an RNA polymerase!!

Imagine a bacterial cell with a mutation that renders DNA Pol I

A. inability to unwind double helix

Imagine a bacterial cell with a mutation that renders DNA Pol I

A. inability to unwind double helix

Priming New DNA Synthesis

• DNA POL I comes

DNA replication overall has very high fidelity. Which of the

DNA replication overall has very high fidelity. Which of the

A. It allows for DNA repair to occur.

A. It allows for DNA repair to occur.

Arrange the following terms in order, from smallest to largest

A. histone, nucleosome, 30-nm fiber, metaphase chromosome

Arrange the following terms in order, from smallest to largest

A. histone, nucleosome, 30-nm fiber, metaphase chromosome

A final level of condensation

Diagram of the structure of the functional state of the E coli chromosome.

A. restriction enzyme: amplify; PCR: cut; CRISPR-cas9: edit

A. restriction enzyme: amplify; PCR: cut; CRISPR-cas9: edit

This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is

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