(PDF) Genetic Engineering Principles, Procedures and Consequences

9/5/2019 (PDF) Genetic Engineering Principles, Procedures and Consequences
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ples, Procedures and Consequences
21,083 Reads
nd 978-81-8487-525-6
nternational (Oxford, UK) and Narosa Publishing House (New Delhi, India)
Miglani
unjab Agricultural University
Principles, Procedures and Consequences is primarily designed as a text book for undergraduate and
ts studying genetic engineering in any discipline of life sciences in conventional, agricultural and medical
schools all over the world. This book has been published by Narosa Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New
print for sale in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and Sri Lanka and international edition as
will be distributed in rest of the world by Alpha Science International, UK. In the Foreword of this book,
ultural scientist and Father of Green Revolution in India, Dr. M.S. Swaminathan who is Founder
aminathan Research Foundation, Chennai (India) writes, “The book provides authoritative information on
engineering including the biosafety and biodiversity areas, is a wonderfully complete text book on
and should be useful both at undergraduate and graduate levels”. Internationally renowned rice breeder
ecorated agricultural scientists and an alumnus of PAU, Dr. Gurdev S. Khush on knowing about
ok on genetic engineering remarked, “This is another landmark book by Professor Gurbachan S. Miglani”.
Honorary Adjunct Professor at SAB (PAU) who had a special word of satisfaction and happiness said, “A
on genetic engineering has been authored”. On seeing this wonderful book by Professor Miglani, Dr.
rector of Research and presently member of board of management of PAU, expressed confidence
the students, the teachers and researchers in any discipline of life sciences, agricultural sciences,
hnology in all the conventional and agricultural universities; research institutes; genetic engineering,
nd biotechnology companies/colleges/schools all over the world interested in genetic engineering
is book very useful”. Dr. J.S. Dhiman, Additional Director of Research (NR&PHM) at PAU opines, “The
e yet complete knowledge on the many aspects of the most useful yet the most controversial scientific
d under the umbrella of genetic engineering”. Congratulating Dr. Miglani, Dr. R.K. Gumber, Director of
or benefit of the readers, Professor Miglani has given special emphasis in this book on recent
ons/implications of various discoveries, Nobel Prize winning work and glossary of important terms in
which will be useful not only for undergraduate and graduate courses in genetic engineering, it will also
ring for national and international level competitive examinations, entrance tests, and interviews”. Dr.
Plant Breeding and Genetics department pointed out, “My teacher Prof. Miglani has earlier authored
teworthy among them are Dictionary of Plant Genetics and Molecular Biology, Basic Genetics; Advanced
ntal Genetics, Fundamentals of Genetics, Genetic Material, Gene Expression, Gene Regulation and
ar Genetics.
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urbachan Miglani Author content Download full-text PDF

t to copyright.
Foreword
engineering constitutes the hard core of modern biotech-

has opened up new avenues for transferring genes across
rriers. Its applications in medicine, agriculture, industry and
ental protection are increasing day by day. It is therefore
nary on the part of Prof. Gurbachan S. Miglani to have taken
e to write this excellent book. The book provides authori-
ormation on all aspects of genetic engineering including the
and biodiversity areas.
book begins with a brief historical background in intro-
aragraph(s) of every chapter. Recent progress on the topic is
. Work of numerous Nobel laureates who contributed in the
M.S. Swaminathan
ent of genetic engineering technology finds a special
Various principles, terms, concepts, phenomena, methods of genetic engineering have been
in a simple and lucid language. The text is supported by numerous important original and
erences, tables, figures and flow diagrams where necessary. Special attention has been paid to
finitions of various terms in the subject in light of the present day knowledge. For this, there
ate section of carefully compiled glossary of important terms used in the book. Literature
o the subject matter has been cited in the text and all such references have been listed at the
ery chapter. Numerous thought-provoking problems are also included in every chapter which
students test their comprehension of the subject matter. Throughout efforts have been made to
n-point applications/implications/merits/demerits of different methods used in the genetic
ng. Extensive cross-referencing and detailed Subject Index add value to this book. I would
wonderfully complete text book on genetic engineering.
etic engineering technologies are very controversial with respect to their use (good or bad)
ly in agriculture. Paul Berg did the right thing in 1972 to initiate the formulation of guidelines
ch using recombinant DNA techniques. His efforts culminated in guidelines by the National
of Health (NIH) USA. I am happy that the author has included them in the book as an
Foreword
fessor Miglani has made strenuous efforts to include all important information relevant to the
undergraduate level. I feel Chapters 1-13 and 22 may be taught at undergraduate while the
g chapters, though very important but not generally dealt with in textbooks of genetic
ng, may be taught as regular lectures or class seminars at M.Sc. and Ph.D. level. Thus this
uld be useful both at undergraduate and graduate levels.
ngratulate Professor Miglani for authoring an important book on Genetic Engineering. Since
is being simultaneously published in India and U.K., I trust it will be read and used globally.
ude goes to the eminent author for his labor of love in spreading authentic information on the
benefits associated with genetic engineering.
M S Swaminathan
Founder Chairman
M S Swaminathan Research Foundation
3rd Cross Street
Taramani Institutional Area
Chennai – 600 113, Tamil Nadu
India
S. Swaminathan, a plant geneticist by training, is the “Indian Father of Green Revolution”

been acclaimed by the TIME magazine as one of the twenty most influential Asians of the
ntury and one of the only three from India, the other two being Mahatma Gandhi and
anath Tagore. He has been described by the United Nations Environment Program as "the
f Economic Ecology" because of his leadership of the ever-green revolution movement in
ure and by Javier Perez de Cuellar, Secretary General of the United Nations, as "a living
who will go into the annals of history as a world scientist of rare distinction".
served as Director of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (1961-72), Director General
n Council of Agricultural Research and Secretary to the Government of India, Department
cultural Research and Education (1972-79), Principal Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture
0), Acting Deputy Chairman and later Member (Science and Agriculture), Planning
ssion (1980-82) and Director General, International Rice Research Institute, the Philippines
8).
f. Swaminathan was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership in
he Albert Einstein World Science Award in 1986, the first World Food Prize in 1987, and
Tyler and UNEP Sasakawa Prize for Environment, the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace,
ament and Development in 2000 and the Franklin D Roosevelt Four Freedoms Medal, the
a Gandhi Prize of UNESCO in 2000 and the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Award (2007). He
cipient of Padma Shri (1967), Padma Bhushan (1972) and Padma Vibushan (1989).
f. Swaminathan was a Member of the Parliament of India (Rajya Sabha), during 2007-13.
2013, he received the Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration and Greatest Globa
Legend Award of NDTV. He was also elected at the 20th International Congress of Nutrition
Granada, Spain, “as Living Legend of International Union of Nutrition Sciences”. He received
Time Achievement Award at the 9th Nutra Summit in Bangalore.
Preface
ngineering, also known as genetic modification, is the process of manually adding new DNA
nism. The goal is to add one or more new traits that are not already found in that organism.
of genetically engineered/modified organisms requires recombinant DNA. Recombinant
combination of DNA from different organisms or different locations in a given genome that
t normally be found in nature. The genetic engineering techniques involve sophisticated
ions of genetic material and other biologically important chemicals. Genetic engineering has
ented ability to shuffle genes which means that genetic engineers can concoct gene
ons that would never be found in nature. The world has come to realize the miracles of
ngineering in almost every walk of life. In addition to unaccountable desired benefits, novel
s may bring novel risks as well. These risks must be carefully assessed to make sure that all
both desired and unintended—are benign. Student of genetic engineering must be imparted
plete knowledge about the principles, protocols, applications, merits and demerits of methods
fferent steps in genetic engineering. Student must be informed about various immediate and
ks of genetically modified organisms and foods. Risk assessment has to become an integral
netic engineering technology.
e is hardly any single book in the market that can cater to the needs of present-day genetic
ng students. The book Genetic Engineering Principles, Procedures and Consequences has
ten with the objective of providing concise but complete knowledge about all the above-
d aspects of genetic engineering. This book is primarily designed as a text book for
duate and graduate students. Teachers, research workers, and biotechnology professionals
with production of transgenic organisms in universities/biotechnology companies/colleges
/schools across the world can very conveniently use it as a reference book.
book provides a brief historical background in introductory paragraph(s) of every chapter.
ogress on the topic is discussed. Work of numerous Nobel laureates who contributed in the
ent of genetic engineering technology finds a special mention. Various principles, terms,
phenomena, methods of genetic engineering have been dealt with in a simple and lucid
The text is supported by a number of important original and recent references, tables, figures
diagrams where necessary. Special attention has been paid to precise definitions of various
the subject in light of the present day knowledge. For this, there is a separate section on
of important terms used in the book. Important literature relevant to the subject matter has
d in the text and all such references have been listed at the end of every chapter. Numerous
rovoking problems are also included in every chapter. Where there are six or more authors,
three have been mentioned, followed by et al. Throughout efforts have been made to briefly
applications/implications/merits/demerits of different methods used in the genetic
ng. Extensive cross-referencing has been done.
Genetic Engineering Principles, Procedures and Consequences
etic Engineering: Principles, Procedures and Consequences should be extremely useful to

o are preparing for national and international level competitive examinations, entrance tests,
views for jobs/fellowships. I trust the book will provide enjoyable reading experience.
efforts have been made to include all important information relevant at undergraduate level;
if something important is missing, the readers are urged to inform the author so that
es can be corrected in a subsequent printing/edition. Style of presentation and selection of
are purely my choice. I am responsible for any omission and commission. Readers’ feedback
preciated.
s-room has been my lab for my teaching experiments. Students have always been my guiding
an indirect way in deciding order of different chapters in the book and organization of the
n a chapter. Thus contribution of my present and past students in all my books has been
us. During the writing of this book I have consulted a large number of original research
view articles, books, monographs, and web sites. My head bows with respect before all these
ors for their landmark work. I thank various copyright holders to grant me permission for use
ublished work in this book.
y colleagues of mine from the School of Agricultural Biotechnology (SAB), Punjab
ral University (PAU), Ludhiana, India have been of great help and guidance in writing of this
Jagdeep Singh Sandhu, Biotechnologist and Dr. Pawan K. Malhotra, Assistant
ologist spared time to carefully read the entire manuscript and made many suggestions for
rtain new aspects of genetic engineering without which the book would have lacked many
; I am glad they read this book. I am thankful to Dr. R.K. Gumber, Director, SAB for his
est in this work and providing me necessary facilities. I am grateful to Dr. Kuldeep Singh,
rector, SAB for encouragement and many technical suggestions on the content of different
of the book. Dr. S.S. Gosal, renowned biotechnologist and former Director of Research, PAU,
elf is an experienced author, made many useful suggestions in the preparation of this book.
e enjoyed full support of Dr. Balwinder Singh, Director of Research, Dr. (Mrs.) G.K. Sangha,
llege of Basic Sciences & Humanities, PAU, and Dr. Baldev Singh Dhillon, Vice-Chancellor,
e writing this book for which I am grateful to them.
Darshan S. Brar, former Head, Plant Breeding, Genetics and Biotechnology Division,
nal Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, The Philippines, presently Honorary Adjunct
SAB, PAU, Ludhiana, India has been a source of inspiration for all my previous books as
e present one.
ardship and encouragement provided by Dr. Manjit Singh Kang, Adjunct Professor, Kansas
versity, Manhattan, Kansas, USA and former Vice-Chancellor, Punjab Agricultural
y, Ludhiana, India, who has edited and authored several books in genetics, is gratefully
dged.
indebted to Dr. Gurdev S. Khush, former Principal Plant Breeder and Head, Division of Plant
Genetics and Biochemistry, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, The
es, and presently Adjunct Professor, University of California, Davis, USA for his guidance,
blessings.
l greatly honored that internationally renowned and most decorated Indian Agricultural
Padma Vibhushan Dr. M.S. Swaminathan, Chairman, M.S. Swaminathan Research
on, Chennai, India considered this book worthy of writing a Foreword. I am grateful to him
this favor to me.
st make mention of my immediate family, relatives and friends without whose involvement
ort, completion of this book would not have been possible. No one can do any creative work,
writing of a book, without the cooperation of his/her spouse. My wife Harjit Kaur showed
tience and cooperation during the preparation of this book. My son Gagandeep Singh and
xi
in-law Parvinder Kaur made sure that I was kept away from tedious household duties (which
ople generally do) like depositing bills and making day-to-day purchases from the market.
hter Gursimrat Kaur and son-in-law Gurpreet Singh frequently motivated me by checking up
ogress of the book. My grandchildren, Prabhasis Kaur, Harmehar Singh and Bhavneet Singh
e of an encouragement rather than a disturbance to me. Because of his vast experience in
anuals and books, I have at many occasions consulted my dear nephew, Dr. Sandeep Singh,
Entomologist, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India, who also assisted me in
g the sections on glossary and subject index.
Gurdeep Singh of ALPS Educational Services, Ludhiana typed the manuscript, drew figures
atted the book meticulously for camera-ready printouts. I like the way the book Genetic
ng Principles, Procedures and Consequences has finally come up with respect to format and
or this, I whole heartedly thank Mr. N.K. Mehra, Managing Director, Narosa Publishing
t. Ltd., New Delhi.
Gurbachan S. Miglani
miglanigs@pau.edu; miglanigs1945@gmail.com; miglanigs_1945@yahoo.co.in
n Singh Miglani retired in 2005 as Professor of Genetics from Department of Plant

Genetics and Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana, India after
n 35 years of service. Taught general genetics, advanced genetics, biotechnology,
cal genetics, molecular genetics, mutagenesis, immunogenetics, developmental genetics,
ution to undergraduate and graduate students of constituent colleges of the PAU. Also
enetics to undergraduates at Howard University, Washington, D.C., USA, as a Graduate
Assistant.
essor Miglani was invited by School of Agricultural Biotechnology, PAU in March 2010 a
Professor, to teach biotechnology to B.Sc. (Biotechnology), M.Sc. (Biotechnology) and Ph.D.
nology) students, which he did till December 2010. He was rehired in January 2011 as
Professor and still continues to teach there. He takes keen interest in popularization of
f genetics by way of radio talks and writing popular articles for magazines and newspapers.
ciated with The Journal of Plant Science Research, published by the Society for the
n of Plant Science Research, Jaipur (India), for last more than 12 years in different
s, including editor of the journal. He is recipient of Meritorious Teacher Award of the PAU,
, India (for the year 1997-98) and Sneh Prabha Shukla Memorial Award of Honor by Punjab
Kala Manch (Regd.), Ludhiana, Punjab, India for the year 2001.
ed twelve M.Sc. and one Ph.D. students. Completed two prestigious research projects
y the University Grants Commission, New Delhi, India. Authored 140 publications (including
papers, review papers, books, book chapters, short notes/communications, abstracts,
cience articles) in Indian and foreign journals/magazines. Six laboratory manuals authored
for different genetics courses and were published by the Punjab Agricultural University,
, India. Contributed several chapters for books edited by Indian and foreign authors. He
ored Dictionary of Plant Genetics and Molecular Biology (1998), Basic Genetics (2000)
d Genetics - First edition (2002), Developmental Genetics (2006), Advanced Genetics –
Edition (2007), and Fundamentals of Genetics (2008), Genetic Material (2013), Gene
n (2013) and Gene Expression (2014), and Essentials of Molecular Genetics (2015). He has
dited with William V. Dashek a book Plant Cells and their Organelles (2015).
Contents
ord
e
ntroduction to Genetic Engineering 1.1

History of Genetic Manipulation 1.1
Genetic Engineering 1.2
First Recombinant DNA Molecule 1.9
Construction of a Recombinant DNA Molecule 1.10
NIH Guidelines 1.12
Early Genetically Modified Organisms 1.13
Commercialization of Genetic Engineering 1.14
Opposition to the Use of Genetic Engineering 1.15
Achievements and Potentials of Genetic Engineering 1.15
References 1.16
Problems 1.18
Detection, Isolation and Quantitation of DNA and RNA 2.1

DNA Detection 2.1
First DNA Isolation 2.2
DNA Isolation Methods 2.2
DNA Isolation from Different Sources 2.11
How to Decide the Method for DNA Extraction and Purification 2.14
Specific Methods of DNA Isolation 2.14
Polymerase Chain Reaction 2.17
RNA Detection, Isolation and Quantitation 2.22
Detection and Quantitation of Messenger RNA 2.23
Detection of Transfer RNA 2.26
Detection of Ribosomal RNA 2.28
Detection and Quantitation of Small RNAs 2.29
Enrichment of Small RNAs 2.30
Measuring DNA Purity 2.32
Measuring RNA Purity 2.32
References 2.33
Problems 2.35
Recombinant DNA Technology and Genome Editing Enzymes 3.1

Restriction Endonucleases/Enzymes 3.1
DNA Ligases 3.9
Contents
T4 Polynucleotide Kinase 3.12

Terminal Transferase 3.13
Exonuclease III 3.14
Bacteriophage λ Exonuclease 3.14
Alkaline Phosphatase 3.15
S1 Nuclease 3.16
Taq Polymerase 3.16
Reverse Transcriptases 3.18
Ribonucleases 3.18
Artificial Restriction Endonucleases/Enzymes 3.23
References 3.27
Problems 3.30
Cloning Vectors 4.1

Salient Features of Cloning Vectors 4.1
Bacterial Plasmids 4.3
Bacteriophage-based Vectors 4.8
Mammalian Virus-based Vectors 4.12
Artificial Chromosome-based Vectors 4.17
Transposon-based Vectors 4.20
Plant Vectors 4.22
Expression Vectors 4.27
Shuttle Vectors 4.29
Vector Designing 4.30
Plasmid Purification 4.30
Rapid Amplification of Plasmid and Phage DNA 4.33
References 4.34
Problems 4.36
DNA Cloning 5.1

Traditional DNA Cloning 5.1
Polymerase Chain Reaction-mediated Cloning 5.4
Recombinational Cloning 5.5
Topo Cloning 5.8
Seamless Cloning 5.8
Restriction- and Ligase-independent Cloning 5.10
Recombination-free Cloning 5.14
Uracil-DNA Glycosylase Cloning 5.15
n-fusion Cloning 5.16
Ultra-low Background DNA Cloning 5.16
Mating-assisted Genetically Integrated Cloning 5.18
Bacterial Plasmid Subcloning 5.19
Which Cloning Method should be used? 5.21
How to Select a Vector? 5.21
Amplifying a Specific Sequence of DNA 5.22
Applications of DNA Cloning 5.23
References 5.24
Problems 5.25
xv
DNA Libraries 6.1

Genomic Library 6.1
Complementary DNA (cDNA) Library 6.11
Single-stranded DNA Library Preparation 6.17
cDNA Library versus Genomic DNA Library 6.17
Randomized Mutant Libraries 6.19
Rapid DNA Library Construction 6.19
Determining Titer of DNA Library 6.20
Coverage and Complexity of DNA Libraries 6.20
Construction of Highly Homogenous Libraries 6.21
References 6.25
Problems 6.26
dentification of Gene of Interest 7.1

Screening a Genomic Library 7.1
solation and Characterization of a cDNA 7.2
Screening a cDNA Library Using DNA Probes 7.5
Screening a cDNA Library on the Basis of their Biological Effects 7.9

Map-based Gene Cloning 7.18
Cloning a Gene by Tagging 7.27
Detecting Presence of a Cloned Gene 7.27
References 7.28
Problems 7.30
Analysis of Cloned Gene 8.1

Electrophoresis 8.1
Restriction Mapping 8.8
Determining Size of a DNA Fragment 8.11
Blotting Techniques 8.12
DNA Sequencing 8.20
RNA Sequencing 8.26
References 8.30
Problems 8.31
Plant Marker Gene Systems 9.1

Classification of Plant Marker Gene Systems 9.1
Selectable Marker Genes 9.3
Reporter Genes 9.23
References 9.32
Problems 9.38
Gene Transfer through Natural Means 10.1

Transformation 10.1
Conjugation 10.3
Transduction 10.5
Retroviral Transduction 10.8
Transposition 10.11
Contents
Agrobacterium-mediated DNA Transfer 10.12

References 10.16
Problems 10.16
Vectorless Methods of Gene Transfer 11.1

Physiochemical Methods 11.1
Electrical Methods 11.4
Physical Methods 11.5
References 11.10
Problems 11.12
Gene Transfer Methods in Plants 12.1

Agrobacterium-mediated Gene Transfer in Dicots 12.1
Agrobacterium-mediated Gene Transfer in Monocots 12.5
Ac/Ds-mediated Gene Transfer 12.8
ollen-aided Direct Gene Transfer 12.9
References 12.9
roblems 12.10
Gene Transfer Methods in Animals 13.1

-element-mediated Gene Transfer 13.1

Gene Transfer by Retroviruses 13.3
Transfer of Genes to Cultured Cells 13.6
Chromosome-mediated Gene Transfer 13.6
Transformation of Cells with Free DNA 13.7
Microinjection 13.8
perm-mediated Gene Transfer 13.11
Ovary-mediated Gene Transfer 13.11
Metaphase II Transgenesis 13.12
Gene Targeting 13.13
Restriction Enzyme-mediated Integration 13.18
References 13.20
roblems 13.21
Assessment of Gene Transfer Methods 14.1

roof of Integrative Transformation 14.1
arameters affecting Delivery of Foreign Genes 14.1
Vector-based Gene Transfer Methods 14.2
Vectorless Methods 14.3
Expression of Foreign Genes 14.8
References 14.9
roblems 14.11
Designing RNA Interference-based Transgenic Crops 15.1

Discovery of RNA Interference 15.1
tages of RNA Interference 15.3
Constructing Transgenic RNAi Plants 15.9
References 15.18
roblems 15.20
xvii
Chloroplast Genetic Engineering 16.1

Chloroplast Genomes 16.1
History of Chloroplast Genetic Engineering 16.3
Chloroplast Transformation 16.3
Regeneration Protocols 16.11
Confirming Transgene Integration into Chloroplast Genome 16.12
Homoplasmic Transplastomic Cell Lines 16.13
Homeologous Plastid DNA Transformation 16.15
Advantages of Chloroplast Genetic Engineering 16.16
Limitations of Chloroplast Genetic Engineering 16.17
References 16.17
roblems 16.20
Mitochondrial Engineering 17.1

Mitochondrial Engineering in Plants 17.1
Mitochondrial Engineering in Animals 17.4
Modifying Mitochondrial Genomes 17.6
RNA Import into Mitochondria 17.14
Advantages of Mitochondrial DNA Transformation 17.19
Engineering Disease-free Babies 17.19
References 17.22
roblems 17.27
Metabolic Engineering 18.1

Metabolic Engineering of Microorganisms 18.1
lant Metabolic Engineering 18.1
Metabolic Engineering Strategies 18.2
rogresses in Plant Metabolic Engineering 18.6
redictive Metabolic Engineering 18.11
Biofortification 18.12
References 18.14
roblems 18.15
Clean Gene Technology 19.1

ntegration of an SMG and GOI on Unlinked Genomic Loci 19.1
ite-specific Recombination-mediated SMG Removal 19.15
Removal of SMGs from the Chloroplast Genome 19.34
Using Plant-derived Marker Genes 19.38
Using Non‐Antibiotic Resistance Gene as Marker 19.39
Markerless Transformation 19.40
References 19.41
roblems 19.47
Genetic Use Restriction Technology 20.1

Mechanism of Terminator Gene Action 20.1
Uses of Genetic Use Restriction Technology 20.6
Types of Genetic Use Restriction Technology 20.10
Contents
otential Economic Benefits, Costs and Risks of GURT 20.11

Disadvantages of Genetic Use Restriction Technology 20.11
General Problems in Reliability of Genetic Use Restriction Technology 20.12
Verminator” – An Alternative to “Terminator” 20.14
Traitor” Technology 20.14
References 20.15
roblems 20.16
Mapping and Cloning of Genetic Determinants of QTLs 21.1
nheritance of Quantitative Traits 21.1
olygenes 21.3
Linkage of a Quantitative Trait to a Major Gene 21.3
Genetic Architecture of Complex Traits 21.3
QTL Mapping 21.5
Cloning of Quantitative Trait Loci 21.11
rogresses in Cloning of Plant QTLs 21.21
Challenges in Cloning of Plant QTLs 21.22
Applications of QTL Analysis 21.22
References 21.23
roblems 21.27
Applications and Benefits of Genetic Engineering 22.1

Genetically Engineered Microorganisms 22.1
Genetically Engineered Plants 22.6
Genetically Engineered Animals 22.33
Benefits of Genetic Engineering 22.40
Genetic Engineering in Computer Science 22.41
References 22.42
roblems 22.50
ssues and Disadvantages of Genetic Engineering 23.1

The Precautionary Principle in Genetic Engineering 23.2
Traditional Breeding versus Genetic Engineering 23.2
pecies Boundaries Issue 23.2
Legal Issues 23.3
Ethical Issues 23.3
Religious Issues 23.4
afety Issues 23.5
Ecosystems of the Biosphere 23.6
Biowarfare 23.7
Moral Issues 23.7
ecular Objections 23.8
ssues Concerning Genetically Modified Plants 23.8
ssues Concerning Genetic Modification of Animals 23.10
ssues Concerning Genetic Modification of Humans 23.11
ossible Dangers of Genetically Modified Foods 23.16
ntellectual Property Rights Issues in Genetic Engineering 23.18
Disadvantages of Genetic Engineering 23.24
Constraints in Genetic Engineering 23.25
xix
Conclusions 23.27
References 23.28
roblems 23.31
Risk Assessment of Genetically Modified Organisms 24.1

s Genetic Engineering Different from Gene Transfer in Nature? 24.1
Risk Assessment of Genetically Engineered Organisms 24.2
Making Safer Genetically Modified Organisms 24.8
References 24.14
roblems 24.15
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delines
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ples, Procedures and Consequences

urbachan Miglani Author content Download full-text PDF

engineering constitutes the hard core of modern biotech-

S. Swaminathan, a plant geneticist by training, is the “Indian Father of Green Revolution”

Genetic Engineering Principles, Procedures and Consequences

etic Engineering: Principles, Procedures and Consequences should be extremely useful to

n Singh Miglani retired in 2005 as Professor of Genetics from Department of Plant

ntroduction to Genetic Engineering 1.1

Detection, Isolation and Quantitation of DNA and RNA 2.1

Recombinant DNA Technology and Genome Editing Enzymes 3.1

T4 Polynucleotide Kinase 3.12

Cloning Vectors 4.1

DNA Cloning 5.1

DNA Libraries 6.1

dentification of Gene of Interest 7.1

Screening a cDNA Library on the Basis of their Biological Effects 7.9

Analysis of Cloned Gene 8.1

Plant Marker Gene Systems 9.1

Gene Transfer through Natural Means 10.1

Agrobacterium-mediated DNA Transfer 10.12

Vectorless Methods of Gene Transfer 11.1

Gene Transfer Methods in Plants 12.1

Gene Transfer Methods in Animals 13.1

-element-mediated Gene Transfer 13.1

Assessment of Gene Transfer Methods 14.1

Designing RNA Interference-based Transgenic Crops 15.1

Chloroplast Genetic Engineering 16.1

Mitochondrial Engineering 17.1

Metabolic Engineering 18.1

Clean Gene Technology 19.1

Genetic Use Restriction Technology 20.1

otential Economic Benefits, Costs and Risks of GURT 20.11

Applications and Benefits of Genetic Engineering 22.1

ssues and Disadvantages of Genetic Engineering 23.1

Risk Assessment of Genetically Modified Organisms 24.1

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