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3. The process by which an mRNA base sequence directs the amino acid sequence of a protein is called
a. replication.
b. transcription.
c. translation.
d. nucleation.
ANSWER: c
5. Which of the following is NOT an observed event in the flow of genetic information?
a. DNA --> RNA
b. RNA --> DNA
c. RNA --> RNA
d. DNA --> DNA
e. RNA --> Protein
f. Protein --> RNA
g. All of the choices ARE observed
ANSWER: f
7. In the original Central Dogma of biology, the ordinary flow of genetic information is:
a. DNA → RNA → Protein
b. RNA → DNA → Protein
c. Protein → RNA → DNA
d. DNA → Protein → RNA.
e. None of these
ANSWER: a
10. If replication were conservative instead of semi-conservative, the famous Meselson and Stahl experiment would have
shown which of the following results after the first round of replication?
a. All of the double helices would have been heavy chains
b. All of the double helices would have been light chains
c. Half of the double helices would have been all heavy chains and the other half would have been all light
chains
d. All of the double helices would have been a combination of a heavy strand and a light strand
ANSWER: c
11. All the following describe the general mechanism of DNA synthesis, except:
a. From the perspective of the DNA template strands, one strand is made 5' → 3' while the other strand is made
3' → 5'.
b. The strands become separated during synthesis.
c. Synthesis occurs in both directions from the starting site of synthesis.
d. Synthesis of DNA is a very accurate process.
e. All of these are correct.
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15. Suppose Meselson & Stahl had observed the following data in their famous experiment involving a switch from
medium containing 15N to 14N. What would they have concluded about the nature of DNA replication?
17. DNA is synthesized from the 3’ end to the 5’ end in which of the following processes?
a. Replication of DNA
b. Replication of RNA
c. Transcription of RNA from DNA
d. none of these
ANSWER: d
19. Which of the following best describes the process of DNA replication in a prokaryote?
a. Replication begins at a unique site and proceeds in one direction all the way around a typically circular
chromosome.
b. Replication begins at a unique site and proceeds in two directions, meeting about halfway around a typically
circular chromosome.
c. Replication begins at multiple sites, spreading outward until the entire typically circular chromosome is
replicated.
d. Replication begins at multiple sites, spreading outward until the entire typically linear chromosome is
replicated.
ANSWER: b
20. When the synthesis of new DNA is directed by an original template DNA molecule
a. the DNA produced has two newly formed strands (no change in the original DNA)
b. two DNA molecules are formed, each with one new strand and one strand from the original DNA
c. there is random arrangement of newly formed and original DNA on the two strands of the DNA produced
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22. The following enzyme is responsible for the bulk of DNA synthesis during replication.
a. DNA Polymerase I
b. DNA Polymerase II
c. DNA Polymerase III
d. DNA Polymerases IV
e. All four can make lots of DNA rapidly.
ANSWER: c
23. The universal features of DNA replication include all the following, except:
a. Release of PPi from a nucleoside triphosphate.
b. Synthesis from the 5' end to the 3' end.
c. Base pairing of A to T and G to C.
d. Use of a primer.
e. All of these describe DNA synthesis.
ANSWER: e
24. In prokaryotic replication, all DNA polymerases are capable of all of the following tasks except:
a. Reading a template strand and putting the complementary base in the correct position
b. Polymerizing DNA in the 5’ to 3’ direction
c. Excising DNA in the 3’ to 5’ direction
d. Excising DNA in the 5’ to 3’ direction
e. All of these are capabilities of all DNA polymerases
ANSWER: d
25. In E. coli,
a. the leading strand is synthesized in one piece while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously.
b. the leading strand is synthesized discontinuously while the lagging strand is synthesized in one piece.
c. both the leading and lagging strands are synthesized in one piece.
d. both the leading and lagging strands are synthesized discontinuously.
ANSWER: a
26. AZT, used in treating AIDS, is an effective inhibitor of nucleic acid synthesis because:
27. Which of the following activities does E. coli DNA polymerase III lack?
a. 5' → 3' polymerase
b. 5' → 3' exonuclease
c. 3' → 5' exonuclease
d. E. coli DNA polymerase III has ALL of the above activities.
ANSWER: b
31. Which of the following is not a function of DNA polymerase I from E. coli?
a. adding nucleotides to the primer strand
b. 3' → 5' exonuclease activity
c. 5' → 3' exonuclease activity
d. proofreading
ANSWER: a
Exhibit 10A
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32. Refer to Exhibit 10A. Which diagram correctly depicts the orientation of the lagging and leading strands on the
parentals?
a. The top
b. The bottom
c. Neither is fully accurate.
d. Either would be accurate dependent on the organism being studied.
ANSWER: b
33. Refer to Exhibit 10A. Which Okazaki fragment was synthesized earliest?
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
ANSWER: a
37. The mechanism for all template-directed synthesis of any type of nucleic acid involves the following:
a. Nucleophilic attack of a 3' hydroxyl toward a nucleoside triphosphate, releasing PPi.
b. Nucleophilic attack of a 5' hydroxyl toward a nucleoside triphosphate, releasing PPi.
c. Nucleophilic attack of a 3' hydroxyl toward a nucleoside triphosphate, releasing Pi.
d. Nucleophilic attack of a 5' hydroxyl toward a nucleoside triphosphate, releasing Pi.
e. More than one of these would work, since the mechanism is not universal.
ANSWER: a
40. A prokaryotic replisome typically contains three molecules of DNA pol III, but only one molecule of DNA pol I.
Why?
a. The DNA pol I works on the leading strand, while DNA pol IIIs work on the Okazaki fragments. since there
are several of those, it takes more proteins to keep up.
b. DNA pol I has a built-in proofreading exonuclease; DNA pol III does not. The second DNA pol III is needed
to follow the first to accomplish the necessary proofreading.
c. The DNA pol IIIs do most of the work. DNA pol I only has to work on the telomers.
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43. In Escherichia coli, the enzyme principally responsible for the synthesis of new DNA strands is
a. DNA polymerase I
b. DNA polymerase III
c. DNA ligase
d. primase
ANSWER: b
45. Which of the following characteristics is not associated with E. coli primase?
a. it synthesizes the RNA primer in DNA replication
b. it synthesizes a primer with a free 3'−OH end
c. it is essential for DNA replication
d. it is essential for RNA replication
ANSWER: d
47. Which of these proteins is used less for leading strand replication than for lagging strand replication?
a. DNA polymerase
b. DNA-binding protein
c. DNA ligase
d. DNA gyrase
ANSWER: c
48. Which of the following is not required for optimal DNA replication?
a. Primase
b. DNA Polymerase II.
c. Single strand binding proteins.
d. Gyrase
e. All of these are necessary.
ANSWER: b
49. Which of the activities of DNA Polymerase I is most important in its role of proofreading?
a. Polymerase activity.
b. Ability to nick intact double stranded DNA.
c. 5' → 3' exonuclease.
d. 3' → 5' exonuclease.
e. None of these is used for proofreading.
ANSWER: d
51. The enzyme that attaches the Okazaki fragments together is called
a. ligase.
b. primase.
c. DNA polymerase I
d. DNA polymerase III
ANSWER: a
52. Which of the activities of DNA Polymerase I is most important in removing the primer?
a. Polymerase activity.
b. Ability to nick intact double stranded DNA.
c. 5' → 3' exonuclease.
d. 3' → 5' exonuclease.
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53. Single strand binding proteins are important for this activity:
a. Prevent single-stranded DNA from rewinding.
b. Protect single-stranded DNA from enzymatic degradation.
c. Prevent double helical DNA from unwinding.
d. Prevent double helical DNA from becoming a triple helix.
e. Prevent single-stranded DNA from rewinding and protect it from degradation.
ANSWER: e
55. Which of the following repair mechanisms would most likely be used to repair a G in DNA damaged by oxidation?
a. Base Excision:
b. Nucleotide Excision
c. Pol III Proofreading
d. Mismatch Repair
ANSWER: a
56. The proofreading of DNA is especially good because "the identity of each base pair is checked before the enzyme
moves on to the next base pair."
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: a
57. DNA repair mechanisms are essentially the same whether the DNA has minor damage or major damage.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: b
58. It is so important to keep the DNA molecule fully connected that some repair mechanisms will actually allow
mismatches or deletions from the DNA.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: a
59. Ultra-violet light principally causes which of the following damages to DNA?
60. Since DNA Polymerase II has endonuclease activity, it is able to proofread its product when it is used in DNA repair.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: b
62. Which repair mechanism has an intermediate wherein a region of single-stranded DNA is temporarily created?
a. Base Excision
b. Nucleotide Excision
c. Pol III Proofreading
d. Mismatch Repair
ANSWER: b
63. One of the most important ways in which DNA is modified after synthesis is
a. methylation of bases
b. covalent binding of proteins to the sugar moieties
c. splicing of RNA "leaders"
d. electrostatic binding of negatively charged counterions
ANSWER: a
64. Which of the following mechanisms allow repair enzymes to distinguish incorrect bases in DNA?
a. The newly synthesized strand of DNA lacks methylated bases and other modifications.
b. Deamination of A and C lead to improper bases for DNA.
c. Thymine dimers and other cross links kink the DNA and are easy to find.
d. All of these mechanisms allow repair enzymes to distinguish which base is incorrect.
ANSWER: d
65. Which of the following statements is true about the so-called "MUT" (for "mutation") repair mechanisms?
a. Depend on the methylation of old strands of DNA to determine which strand to repair.
b. Often remove hundreds or even thousands of bases during the repair process.
c. Can only repair mismatches that occur during the normal replication process.
d. All of these are true.
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66. Which of the following mechanisms can serve to repair double-stranded breaks in DNA?
a. Non-homologous end joining
b. recombination
c. base excision repair
d. nucleotide excision repair
e. both a and b
ANSWER: e
68. Recombination:
a. occurs randomly throughout a chromosome
b. occurs more often in areas called hot spots
c. is a process that only happens under controlled laboratory conditions
d. is a spontaneous process that requires no enzymes
ANSWER: b
69. The mechanism of breakage and reunion of DNA strands during recombination was proposed by:
a. Messelson and Stahl
b. Messelson and Weigle
c. Robin Holliday
d. Francis Crick
ANSWER: c
72. Which of the following is a characteristic of eukaryotic, but not prokaryotic, DNA replication?
a. Topoisomerases are required.
b. A primer is needed on the lagging strand only.
c. Histone biosynthesis must take place.
d. There is only one origin of replication.
ANSWER: c
73. One of the most important ways in which eukaryotic DNA differs from that of prokaryotes is
a. prokaryotic DNA is complexed to proteins whereas eukaryotic DNA is not
b. eukaryotic DNA is complexed to proteins whereas prokaryotic DNA is not
c. DNA synthesis in eukaryotes takes place in the opposite direction from that in prokaryotes
d. there is no requirement for a primer in the synthesis of eukaryotic DNA
ANSWER: b
77. Eukaryotes need more types of DNA polymerases than bacteria because
a. the DNA-containing organelles have their own DNA polymerases.
b. they have linear DNA , which is harder to replicate than circular DNA.
c. because they have more kinds of bases in their DNA than the four used by prokaryotes.
d. That's not true; eukaryotes do not have more types of DNA polymerases.
ANSWER: a
78. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes use a dimeric DNA Polymerase for DNA replication.
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79. The DNA polymerases in eukaryotes have similar functions to those found in bacteria, but they are not identical.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: a
81. A special protein called proliferating cell nuclear antigen serves the purpose of the clamp in eukaryotes.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: a
82. One major difficulty in replicating linear DNA molecules is replacing the segment of DNA occupied by the RNA
primer on the telomeres at the ends of the DNA.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: a
83. Telomerase activity may decline with old age and this could explain why cells lose their ability to divide after many
replications.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: a
85. Which of the following describes a difference between DNA polymerases in eukaryotes and bacteria?
a. Some eukaryotic polymerases include a primase.
b. All the eukaryotic enzymes are polymeric.
c. Eukaryotes require a special enzyme to remove the RNA primer.
d. Some eukaryotic polymerases include a primase and all are polymeric.
e. All of these are correct.