BIOSAFETY IN THE

LABORATORY (II)
DR. HARYATI ANUAR
Haryati@ucsiuniversity.edu.my
summary
• Accidents causing factors
• Diagrams – direct causes, indirect causes
• Basic cause management –human behaviours ( most common)
• Take note all the process and diagrams
 Introduction
• Infection prevention and control (IPC) is a practical, evidence-based approach
which prevents patients and health workers from being harmed by avoidable
infection and as a result of antimicrobial resistance.
• Infection
• Infection is the process where an infectious agent (microorganism) invades and
multiplies in the body tissues of the host resulting in the person developing
clinical signs and symptoms of infection (E.g. Increased temperature, rigors,
rash).   
• Healthcare Associated Infection
• Healthcare associated infections (HCAI’s) are infections that develop in a patient,
as a direct result of receiving healthcare, either in hospital or in a community
setting. The most commonly reported HCAI’s are urinary tract infections, wound
infections and infections that cause vomiting and/or diarrhoea.
The chain of infection

The process of
infection can be
represented as a
chain, along
which
microorganisms
are passed from a
source to a
vulnerable
person.
 Transmission may be interrupted

• The infectious agent is eliminated, inactivated or cannot survive in the reservoir

(E.g. rapid identification and management of organisms, cleaning and
disinfecting of the environment)
• The portal of exit is managed through good infection prevention and control
practices (E.g. Hand Hygiene, appropriate use of PPE, safe packaging and
disposal of waste)
• Transmission does not occur due to good infection prevention and control
practices (E.g. Hand Hygiene, isolation of infected patients, air flow control
where appropriate)
• The portal of entry is protected (E.g. Aseptic non-touch technique, safe catheter
care, wound care)
• Reducing the susceptibility of patients receiving healthcare (E.g. Treatment of
underlying disease, recognising high risk patients)
 Accident
Prevention
What Is An Accident?
What Is An Accident?
 Risk Consider the impacts

• A measure of the probability and severity of a

hazard to harm human health, property, or the
environment
• A measure of how likely harm is to occur and
an indication of how serious the harm might be
• A measure of how likely harm is to occur and
an indication of how serious the harm might be

Risk  0
 Safety
FREEDOM FROM DANGER OR HARM
M FROM DANGER OR HARM

Nothing is Free of

BUT - We can almost always make

something SAFER
Safety Is Better Defined As….

A Judgement of the
Acceptability of Risk
 Accident-Causing Factors
• Direct
Basic Causes
Causes
• Slips, Trips, Falls
Management
• Environmental
Caught In
• Equipment
Run Over
• Human Behavior
Chemical Exposure
• Indirect Causes
• Unsafe Acts
• Unsafe Conditions
 Policy & Procedures
Basic Causes Environmental Conditions
Equipment/Plant Design
Human Behavior

Unsafe Indirect Causes Unsafe

Conditions
Acts
Slip/Trip Fall
Direct Causes Energy Release
Pinched Between

ACCIDENT
Personal Injury
Property Damage
Potential/Actual
Basic Causes
• Management Systems & Procedures

• Environment
Natural & Man-made
• Equipment
Design & Equipment
• Human Behavior
 Management

• Systems & Procedures

• Lack of systems &
procedures
• Availability
• Lack of Supervision
 Environment

• Physical
• Lighting
• Temperature

• Chemical
• vapors • Biological
• smoke
– Bacteria
– Reptiles
Environment
Design and Equipment

• Design

• Workplace layout
• Design of tools &
equipment
• Maintenance
Design and Equipment
• Equipment
• Suitability
• Stability
• Guarding

• Ergonomic

• Accessibility
 Human Behavior
Common to
all accidents

Not limited to person

involved in accident
Human Behavior is a function of :

Activators (what needs to be done)

Competencies (how it needs to be done)

Consequences
(what happens if it is/isn’t done)
 ABC Model
Antecedents
(trigger behavior)

Behavior
(human performance)

Consequences
(either reinforce or punish behavior)
 Only 4 Types of
Consequences:
•Positive Reinforcement (R+)
("Do this & you'll be rewarded")

•Negative Reinforcement (R-)

("Do this or else you'll be penalized")
Behavior
•Punishment (P)
("If you do this, you'll be penalized")

•Extinction (E)
("Ignore it and it'll go away")
 Consequences Influence
Behaviors Based Upon
Individual Perceptions of:

• Significance
Magnitude
{ positive
or
Impact negative

 Timing - immediate or future

 Consistency - certain or uncertain

 Responsibility of the safety management

• Ensuring that staff has, and uses, safety equipment;

Enforcing safety rules;
• Including safety in performance reviews;
• Providing safety coaching to staff;
• Monitoring staff safety performance;
• Conducting incident investigations.
 Organization for workplace safety

• OSHA
• OSHA administers the Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)
Act.
• Safety and health conditions in most private industries are
regulated by OSHA or OSHA-approved state plans.
 Organizational requirements for effective health and safety
management

• The key elements are:

• Policy (plan)
• Organizing (plan)
• Planning and implementation (Do)
• Evaluation (check)
• Auditing (check)
• Action for improvement (Act)
• Continual improvement (Act)
 The important of health and safety as an administrative role

• Health and Safety is important because it protects the well

being of employers, visitors and customers.
• Looking after Health and Safety makes good business sense.
Workplaces which neglect health and safety risk prosecution,
may lose staff, and may increase costs and reduce profitability.
Prevent the spread of infection in healthcare

• Prevent infection from bodily fluids

1.gloves when there is a risk of contact with bodily fluids.
2.protective clothing in close-contact care work.
3.face shield when there is a risk of bodily fluids splashing.
4.respiratory protection equipment if there is a risk of serious
airborne infection.
 Primary way to prevent infections
• Standard Precautions are the minimum infection prevention practices that
apply to all patient care,
• Standard Precautions include —
1.Hand hygiene.
2.Use of personal protective equipment (e.g., gloves, masks, eyewear).
3.Respiratory hygiene / cough etiquette.
4.Sharps safety (engineering and work practice controls).
5.Safe injection practices (i.e., aseptic technique for parenteral medications).
6.Sterile instruments and devices.
7.Clean and disinfected environmental surfaces.
 Types of Precautions
• Infection Control and Prevention - Transmission-based
precautions
• Contact Precautions.
• Droplet Precautions.
• Airborne Precautions.
• Eye Protection.
 Standard precautions
• work practices required to achieve a basic level of infection control.
• They include:hand hygiene and cough etiquette
• the use of personal protective equipment (PPE)
• the safe use and disposal of sharps
• routine environmental cleaning
• incorporation of safe practices for handling blood, body fluids and
secretions as well as excretions
•THANK YOU