E n z y m e s

Prepared by: Eipennhel S. Tolentino

Why do apple slices turn brown?

If you slice up an apple and

leave it sitting out, the
slices will quickly turn
brown. But why?
Why do apple slices turn brown?

Due to a process called

enzymatic browning,
apples and certain fruits
turn brown.
Why do apple slices turn brown?

• Polyphenolase and phenols

-separated by cell walls
• Cut the apples open
- break the cell walls
• Enzyme reacts with phenol
and produces brown
pigment melanin
 Enzymes
BY: EIPENNHEL S. TOLENTINO

What are
enzymes?
What are enzymes?

• Large molecules that increase the rates of chemical

reactions without themselves undergoing any
change.

• Enzymes are catalysts.

As catalysts, enzymes are remarkable in two
respects:
1. They are extremely effective, increasing
reaction rates by anywhere from 109 to 1020
2. Most of them are extremely specific.
 Who would win this race? Why?

Finish Line

Team #1 Team #2
What are enzymes?
• Catalysts are substances that speed up chemical
reactions.
• decreases or lower activation energy
• Therefore, increasing the reaction rate
What are enzymes?
• Enzymes are catalysts in living things.
• Enzymes are distributed according to the body’s need to
catalyze specific reactions.
• Digestive enzymes, which also catalyze the hydrolysis of
proteins, are located in the secretions of the stomach and
pancreas.
– Most enzymes are proteins.
How does a catalyst affect
the activation energy of a
chemical reaction?
Answer:
Decreases the activation
energy needed to start a
chemical reaction AND also
increases the rate of the
chemical reaction.
 Enzymes
BY: EIPENNHEL S. TOLENTINO

How are enzymes

named and classified?
How are enzymes named and classified?

• Enzymes are commonly given names derived from the

reaction that they catalyze and/or the compound or
type of compound on which they act.

• Enzymes can be classified into six major groups

according to the type of reaction they catalyze.
How are enzymes named and classified?
1. Oxidoreductases catalyze oxidations and reductions.

Ex: Glutamate dehydrogenase

How are enzymes named and classified?

2. Transferases catalyze the transfer of a group of atoms,

such as from one molecule to another.

Ex: Creatine kinase

How are enzymes named and classified?

3. Hydrolases catalyze hydrolysis reactions.

Ex: Alkaline phosphatase

How are enzymes named and classified?

4. Lyases catalyze the addition of two groups to a double bond

or the removal of two groups from adjacent atoms to create a
double bond.

Ex: Pyruvate decarboxylase

How are enzymes named and classified?

5. Isomerases catalyze isomerization reactions.

Ex: Triose phosphate isomerase

How are enzymes named and classified?

6. Ligases, or synthetases, catalyze the joining of two

molecules.

Ex: O-succinylbenzoate CoA ligase

How are enzymes named and classified?

Many enzyme NAMES end in -ase

and the beginning of the name tells what it
does
ex.
sucrase breaks down sucrose
proteases breakdown proteins
Oh, I get it!
They end
lipases breakdown lipids
in -ase DNA polymerase builds DNA
What kind of enzyme?

Answer: Oxidoreductase
What kind of enzyme?

Answer: Hydrolase
What kind of enzyme?

Answer: Lyase
 Enzymes
BY: EIPENNHEL S. TOLENTINO

What is the terminology

used with enzymes?
What is the terminology used with enzymes?

• Cofactors- non protein portion of enzymes

• Apoenzyme- protein (polypeptide) portion

of enzymes

• Coenzyme- organic cofactors such as such

as Zn or Mg
What is the terminology used with enzymes?

• Substrate- is the compound on which the

enzyme works and whose reaction it speeds up

• Active site- specific portion of the substrate

where the enzyme binds during a reaction
What is the terminology used with enzymes?

• Activation- is any process that initiates or increases

the action of an enzyme.

• Inhibition- is the opposite—any process that makes

an active enzyme less active or inactive
PROTEINS CAN BE ENZYMES
ACTIVE
SITE
ENZYME
SUBSTRATE

ENZYME-SUBSTRATE
COMPLEX

ENZYME
Unchanged PRODUCTS
& Reusable
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Arrow: http://www.gifanimations.com/action/ImageDisplay/1/2/11/next
 Enzymes
BY: EIPENNHEL S. TOLENTINO

What factors influence

enzyme activity?
What factors influence enzyme activity?

• Enzyme activity- is a measure of how much

reaction rates are increased.

Influenced by:
- enzyme and substrate concentration
- temperature
- pH
What factors influence enzyme activity?

Enzyme and substrate concentration

• The higher the enzyme and substrate

concentrations, the higher the enzyme activity.

• At sufficiently high substrate concentrations,

however, a saturation point is reached. After
this point, increasing substrate concentration
no longer increases the reaction rate.
What factors influence enzyme activity?

Temperature

• Temperature affects enzyme activity because it

changes the conformation of the enzyme.

• Once the optimal temperature is reached, any

further increase in temperature alters the
enzyme conformation.
-changes in temp= reversible
*small temp increase
-changes in temp= irreversible
*high temp above optimum
What factors influence enzyme activity?
Ex. Of Temperature’s Effect on Enzymes
Why is having a high fever a problem?
– Enzymes work best in a small temperature range around
the organism’s body temperature (98.6°)
– Changes in temperature affect the shape and function
of an enzyme
– denature protein = unfold = lose shape
What factors influence enzyme activity?

pH
• Each enzyme operates best at a certain pH

• Within a narrow pH range, changes in enzyme

activity are reversible.

• At extreme pH values, it is irreversible.

What factors influence enzyme activity?
– Changes in temperature and pH can affect the shape
and function, or activity of an enzyme
– If the enzyme shape changes it loses its ability to
function!!!!

Like a puzzle
piece!!!!!
How might putting ice on a snake bite slow down the destructive enzymes in the snake venom?

– Changes in temperature affect the shape and function of an

enzyme!!!!!
– By putting ice on a snake bite, until help arrives, you may
slow down the enzymes in the snake venom from doing too
much damage to your cells
 Enzymes
BY: EIPENNHEL S. TOLENTINO

THANK YOU !!!!!!!!!