AIRPORT ENGINEERING

15AS323E
UNIT 1
 International airport authority of India
 Civil aviation department
 Airport Authority of India
 Open sky policy
 Airport terminology
 Aircraft characteristics
 Classification of aerodromes
 Classification of airports
 Flying activities
 Airport surveys - Objectives of surveys
 Types of surveys
 Drawings to be prepared
International airport authority of India (IAAI)

 Set up in April 1972 for the operation, management,

planning and development of international airports

 However facilities of ATC, communication and navigation

are provided to airports by Civil Aviation Department
International airport authority of
India (IAAI)
 IAAI has done modernization of many international airports
in India.
 Also given construction and consultancy service in many
foreign countries
 First project 1976 in Libiya - $70 million
 Construction in Hulule, Maldives, Yemen, Malaysia.
International airport authority of
India (IAAI)
 Consultancy service for pavement design and allied items for
airport design.(Mauriitius, Algeria)
 Runway extensions, developments are carried out.(Republic
of Nauru, Tanzania)
 April 1, 1995 it was merged with AAI
Civil Aviation Department

 National Airport Authority was established on June 1,1986 in

India.
 Main objective is to ensure the highest standard of ATC by
using modern equipments and to maintain international
standards w.r.to ATC, communications and ground safety
operations
Major responsibilities

 Ensure safety of A/C operations

 Manage all civil airports and enclaves
 Provide all essential facilities(runway, ATC, technical
buildings, aviation training centers, radar services, ground
safety service at domestic airports)

 Functions such as A/C airworthiness, licensing, tariff

approval, schedule preparation are controlled by DGCA in
India
Airport Authority of India

 Formed on April 1, 1995 by merging NAA and IAAI.

 To create a centralized organisation that manage both
international and domestic airports
 To accelerate development, expansion and modernization of
facilities in airport
 Organisation working under ministry of civil aviation that
manages all the airports in India.
Functions-Airport Authority of India

 Controls and manages Indian airspace extending beyond the

territorial limits of the country
 Provide services like design, development, operation, and
maintenance to airports
 Carries out construction, modification, and management of
passenger terminals
 Provides passenger facilities and information services
Functions-Airport Authority of India

 Carries out expansion and strengthening works of runway,

taxiway, apron, & hangers
 Provides visual aid at airport
 Provides communication and navigational aids (RADAR,
VOR, DME)
Open sky policy

 In Jan 29, 1994

 Air transport act of 1953 was replaced for introducing open
sky policy
 Private airlines are now permitted to fly under the
supervision of DGCA
Airport terminology

 Aerodrome  Apron
 Airplane  Balloon
 Aircraft  Beaufort scale
 Airfield  Blast pad
 Airport  Boundary lights
 Airport capacity  Calm period
 Airship  Cargo
 Approach zone  Clearway
Airport terminology

 Airspace  Landing area

 Control tower  Landing strip
 CTOL  Missed approach
 Flight time  Runway
 Gate position  STOL
 Hangar  STOL port
 Holding apron  Stop way
 ILS  Taxiway
 Instrument runway  Terminal area
Aircraft characteristics

 Aircraft capacity  Noise

 Aircraft speed  Range
 A/c weight & wheel  Size of aircraft
arrangement  TO & Landing Distance
 Fuel spilling  Propulsion type
 Jet blast  Tyre pressure and contact area
 Min. circle radius
 Min. turn radius
Aircraft capacity

 Capacity of aircraft will determine the number of passenger,

baggage, cargo, and fuel that can be accommodated in the
aircraft
Aircraft speed

 Airspeed: the speed of a/c relative to the medium in which it

is travelling
 Ground speed: the cruising speed of a/c relative to the
ground
Aircraft weight and wheel arrangement

 Weight is one of the major factor which governs the runway

length and thickness.
 Max gross TO weight
 Max landing weight
 Operating empty weight
 Payload
 Zero fuel weight
 Wheel arrangement also plays a similar role
Fuel spilling

 Spilling of fuel and lube is found in aprons and hangars

 Difficult to avoid
 Pavement is affected by fuel spilling
Jet blast

 Turbo jet and turbo prop eject hot exhaust gases at high
velocities. < 300kmph
 Causes inconvenience to the passengers boarding aircraft
 Several types of blast fences are available as an effective
measure of diverting the smoke and gas ejected by engine
Minimum circling radius
Range

 The distance that an a/c can fly without refueling

 If payload is increased range is decreased
 Relationship between payload and range is affected by
factors such as speed, fuel, wind, flight, altitude, and
amount of reserve fuel
Size of aircraft

 Fuselage length
 Gear tread
 Height
 Tail width
 Wheel base
 Wing span
Classification of aerodromes

 1. Central government aerodromes

2. Private owned licensed aerodrome
 1. State government aerodromes(maintained In
exservicable condition)
2. State government aerodromes(not maintained In
exservicable condition)
 Air force aerodrome.
Classification of airports

 Classification of airports by ICAO is based on two ways

1. Codes A to E
2. Numbers 1 to 7
Flying activity

 Military operational flights

 Non scheduled commercial flights
 Personal flights
 Scheduled commercial flight
Military operational flights

 Flight for training/ tactical flights in connection with

bombing, heavy bombing, patrol, observation, photography,
personal transport, medical aid, etc.
Non scheduled commercial flights

 Flights which are not according to any plan or time.

 Scientific research, crop dusting, aircraft testing, aerial
photography, aerial police
Personal flights

 These may be local / across country

 Aircraft sales, glider, Gyroplane etc
Scheduled commercial flight

 Flights operate to certain plan and time

 They may be on domestic or on international routes
Airport Surveys- objectives

 To ascertain soil characteristics

 Collect essential details for airport component design
 Demarcate the ground for land acquisition
 To know meteorological conditions of the site
 Make provision for future airport extension
 To prepare suitable drawings
 To work out the estimate of the project
 Suggest the use of locally available construction materials
Types of surveys

 Approach zone
 Drainage
 Meteorological
 Natural resource
 Soil
 Topographical
 Traffic
Approach zone survey

 Wide clearance area on either side of runway of an a/port

 For smooth functioning of A/c during landing & TO
 Glide path of an aircraft during landing varies from steep to
flat slope
 Main aim this survey is to establish the elevations of the top
of the objects with in the a/port zone and with in the
approach zone
 This helps to determine the location of the objects
protruding above ground level
Drainage Survey

 Its necessary to know the source of water, quantity of water

to be handled
 Water reaching the airport has to be intercepted and diverted
 Rain fall intensity of the local
 Quantity of storm water to be disposed off
 To collect the Information about the natural stream/ rivers
 To make sure that pavements will not be submerged during
floods or heavy rainfall
Meteorological survey

 The study of weather and climate is made

 Data collected in this survey
 Barometric pressure
 Direction duration and intensity of wind
 Frost and fog
 Low visibility periods
 Intensity and duration of rainfall
 Snow fall
 Temperature
Natural resource survey

 To collect the info about locally available construction water

source, materials and their varieties and quantities.
 Possible method of transporting them to site
Soil survey

 To carry out pavement design

 To decide location of drainage structures
 To decide whether the subsurface drainage is necessary or
not
 To decide whether the soil require improvement to increase
its bearing capacity or not
Topographical survey

 The surfaces like hills, rivers, levels of the region are

measured and studied
 To estimate the excavation quantities
 To estimate quantity of clearing the site, removing the roots,
stumps etc
 To prepare contour map
 To prepare accurate map
 To provide information for location of drainage system
Traffic survey

 Investigations carried out to predict the probable amount of

traffic including future traffic. There are two categories
 New airport (details collected are Facilities, aircraft types,
volume of traffic)
 Improvement of existing airport (to determine the
anticipated traffic and study of existing features of airport)
 Improvement of airport may be Runway extension, high
speed exit taxiway, new/parallel runways, increasing the size
of terminal building, improving traffic control devices.
Drawings to be prepared

 Surveys conducted at the site, site for airport is selected then

the following drawings are prepared
 Drainage plan
 Grading plan
 Lighting plan
 Master plan
 Obstruction plan
 Paving plan
 Topographic plan
Drainage plan Grading plan

 Shows the position of buildings,  Shows the original and final contours
runways, taxiways, aprons, etc. of the proposed runway, aprons,
together with pipelines forming the taxiways.
drainage network
Lighting plan Master plan

 Location of lights, cable connections,  To provide the specific details for

controlling ducts are marked the future development of the
airport.
 Plan shows the ground contours,
runways, taxiways, buildings, aprons,
control towers, hangers, access
roads, parking, utilities, etc.
Obstruction plan
 Shoes the top elevations of the
obstructions, their ground location.
 Obstruction to be removed and
those to be provided with light at
night are clearly defined.
Paving plan
 Shows the paving details w.r.to
thickness, width, joints, etc for
runway, taxiway, aprons
Topographic plan

 Shows the location of the existing

buildings, trees, utilities, roads,
boundaries, streams borings, etc.