NAVIGATION AND INSTRUMENT FLIGHT

PROCEDURE

RUNWAY ORIENTATION

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GROUP MEMBERS

• FATIMA HAFEEZ
• SAJID NADEEM

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 RUNWAY
• “Rectangular area on an aerodrome used
for landing and take off “
• Runway orientation is important in
airport planning
• Current practice is to layout a runway in
the direction of prevailing wind

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 IMPORTANCE OF RUNWAY LAYOUT
• Determination of runway is a critical task
• It is very important for safe take offs and
approaches
• The width and sloping of runway also play a
role in safe approaches . It can be illustrated
by the figure below :

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 RUNWAY NUMBERS
• Runways are numbered according the
magnetic compass direction they are
oriented to
• Consists of two numbers one at each end of
runway
• Preceding that number are eight stripes

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• By 500 feet is the touchdown zone , identified
by six stripes
• Runway numbers are not given in degrees,
rather in shorthand format
• e.g. a runway with a marking of 14 is actually
140 degrees
• For simplicity FAA rounds off the precise
headings to nearest tens

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RUNWAY HEADING
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 RUNWAY CONFIGURATION
• FAA includes over 20 runway layouts
• Amongst them there are 4 basic runway
patterns :
1. SIMPLE RUNWAY
2. PARALLEL RUNWAY
3. OPEN-V RUNWAYS
4. INTERSECTING RUNWAYS

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SINGLE RUNWAY

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PARALLEL RUNWAYS
There are 4
types of
parallel
runways

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 OPEN-V RUNWAYS
Runways diverging from different directions but do not
intersect and form an open-V shape are ‘OPEN-V runways’

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 INTERSECTING RUNWAYS
Two or more runways that cross each other are classified as
intersecting runways.
This type of runway is used when there are relatively strong
prevailing winds from more than one direction during the
year.

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 FACTORS AFFECTING RUNWAY
ORIENTATION
• WIND
• AIRSPACE AVAILABILITY
• ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
• OBSTRUCTIONS TO NAVIGATION
• AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL VISIBILITY
• WILD LIFE HAZARDS
• TERRAIN AND SOIL CONSIDERATION

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 WIND ROSE ANALYSIS
• An approach often used in determining
the runway orientation
• The method uses a wind rose template
• A transparent runway template is placed
and rotated around the center of wind
rose
• At each rotating angle, the percentage of
allowable cross winds is measured

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WIND ROSE METHOD

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 RUNWAY LIGHTING
• These lights are used to assist pilot in to
identify the runway
• GREEN THRESHOLD LIGHTS : Line the
runway edge
• RED LIGHTS : Mark the end of runway
• BLUE LIGHTS : Run alongside taxiways
• While runways have YELLOW or WHITE
lights marking their edges

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 RUNWAY SIGNS
• Various kinds of runway signs are also
used for facilitation
• They differ according to their purpose
and action

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THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

THE END

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