Anatomy & Physiology

of the face
 INTRODUCTION
Have you ever wondered what
happens beneath the surface?

Identity

Communication

Your face is your Emotion

FACIAL BONES

FRONTAL

NASAL

ZYGOMATIC

MAXILLA

MANDIBLE

ANTERIOR VIEW OF CRANIUM

FACIAL MUSCLES

OCCIPITOFRONTALIS
ORBICULARIS OCCULI

RISORIUS

DEPRESSOR ANGULIS ORIS

PLATYSMA
FACIAL MUSCLES

PROCERUS
LEVATOR LABI
SUPERIORIS
NASALIS

ZYGOMATICUS
MINOR

ZYGOMATICUS
MAJOR ORBICULARIS ORIS

MASSETER

MENTALIS
 THE FACIAL NERVE
 The 7th cranial nerve
Emerges from the brain
stem
Main Functions
- Facial expression
- Eye closure
- Assistance with
mastication & speech

Facial expression = 7000 motor fibres of the facial nerve firing to bring a
contraction
 The main trunk of the
facial nerve runs
anteriorly and is engulfed
by the parotid gland where
it forms the parotid
plexes.

This plexus gives rise to

the five terminal branches
of the facial nerve:
1. Temporal
2. Zygomatic
3. Buccal
4. Marginal mandibular
5. cervical

Injury to the facial nerve or its branches produces paralysis of some or all facial
muscles on the affected side= BELLS PALSY
LYMPHATIC PROCESS CAN TRANSPORTATIO RESULT:
BECOME COMPROMISED: N o A congestive state in
o Soft tissue injury FUNCTION tissues
o Sickness SLOWS DOWN
o Other trauma
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF FACE

Drains from lateral

face & scalp
including eyelids

Upper lip& lateral lower lip

Chin & central lower lip
EVIDENCE BASED
RESEARCH FOR
MASSAGE
 WHAT IS FIBROSIS?
The formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ in an organ or tissue in a
reparative or reactive process.

RADIATION INDUCED FRIBROSIS (RIF):

• An uncommon complication of radiation therapy.
• Fibrosis results after radiation therapy.
CASE REPORT:
• A 59 year old man started to display carcinoma complications in
his vocal chords and tonsils.
• He underwent a full course of radiation therapy.
• He began to display rapid facial edema after some time.
• He was diagnosed with RIF of the face.

TREATMENT:
• Patient was referred for manual compression therapy

• Why? Other treatments (medical drugs) had failed .

R
• “This therapy involves the use of non-invasive directed massage to drain
the lymphatic fluid from the affected extremity through the superficial
lymph vessels”
 RESULTS

 After 2 weeks – Significant reduction in edema was

noticeable
 LIMITATIONS
• Manual compression therapy was not exclusive.
• Other techniques were also used to facilitate drainage-compression
bandages &therapeutic exercises.

CRITIQUE
• The effects of manual compression therapy was only investigated on one
case study

POSITIVE ASPECTS?
REFERENCES

 Moore, Keith L., Arthur F. Dalley, and A. M. R. Agur. Clinically Oriented

Anatomy. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,
2010. Print.
 Oppenheimer,R.,Finkel,R.,Brennan,A. (2004,July).ENT-Ear,Nose & Throat
Journal,478-480.