LANGUAGE PLANNING AND POLITICS

LANGUAGE POLICY AND MODERNITY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

MEMBERS OF GROUP :
1. Abdul Madjid
2. Astrid Yolanda Amabi
3. Emilia M.S.Eting
4. Febrian Febbi
5. Maria Yohana M.Sada
6. Revy Bullu
7. Rut Maubanu
 What is modernity

1. William E. Connolly (1998:13-14): modernity is about the drive

to “forced everyone and everything into slots provided by a
highly ordered system and to pretend the result is self-
realization, which achievement of reason, and attainment of
common ground”.
2. Neitzsche, Heidegger, and Weber generally agree that
modernity is associated with the ‘death’ of god, and the rise of
humanism, capitalism, mass culture, and industrialization.
3. Stephen White, Zygmunt Bauman, and Theresa Brenan would
be quick to add other equally important dimension to
modernity such as globalization, communication technology,
the commoditization of culture, advanced capitalism and the
marketization of business, trade, and finance.
 Modernity VS the Modern
To be modern is to be grounded in a perspective, an
attitude that separates us from being ancient, from
being traditional, from being old fashioned (Berman,
1982). While modernity refers to a complex societal-
level phenomenon, being modern refers to a mindset
or perspective of individuals.

The term “modernity” is often used to characterize a

phenomenon that individuals and societies must willy-
nilly grapple with (e.g. Tomlinson, 1991), that is the
spread of the products of rational activity
 The Nationalist Imagination

The nation is an imagined community (Anderson.

1991) a nation is not predetermined by the kind of
language spoken or by the race of the people. Rather a
nation is a product of the imagination.
 Modernity and modernization
1. Modernization come from modernity

Modernity seemed to promise a way of delivering

societies from an assortment of social and
material ills. However, the failure of modernity to
fulfill its promise resulted in attempts to
explicitly theorize about the cost of modernity
(Tomlinson, 1991:142-3).
 Language Planning as Problem Solving
1. Fishman (1973:24) defines language planning as “the organized pursuit of
solution to language problems, typically at the national level.
2. Neustupny:
 when the problem is one of code selection, language planning is mainly
concerned with policy formulation;
 when the problem is one of code stabilization then the goal is codification (in
the form of dictionary, grammars, etc);
 when the problem is expanding the use of the code, planning should deal with
code elaboration (particularly via lexical innovation);
 when the problem is differentiating one variety of the code from another,
then planning must be concerned with code cultivation (via syle manuals)
Haugen’s (1966a, 1966b) four stage model which proposes that language should
involve
 Norm selection (deciding on which linguistic variety to focus on),
 Codification (standardizing the selected variety),
 Implementation (coordinating various activities to ensure that the selected
variety is in fact used by target population),
 Elaboration (widening range of function that the selected variety can be used
for)
 Language management perspective (1990)

Language management perspective (Jernudd, 1993). The

difference between language management and the other
approaches discussed so far is in how the language problem is
identified.

Language management-model seeks to explain how language

problems arise in the course of people’s use of language, that
is in discourse, in contrast with approaches under Fishman’s
definition of language planning which take decision-makers.

Language planning can be accommodated as an aspect of

language management, a process through which particular
people are given the authority to find and suggest systematic
and rigorous solution to problems of language potentially or
actually encountered by members of their community.
 Neoclassical and Historical Structural Approaches to
Language Planning
N
ASPECTS NEOCLASSICAL HISTORICAL STRUCTURAL
o
1 The unit of Focuses on Relationships between groups
analysis individual choices
employed
2 The role of the More interested in Emphasizes the role of socio-historical
historical the current factors
perspective language situation
3 Criteria for Policies are Issue of domination, exploitation, and
evaluating plans evaluated in terms oppression.
and politics of how efficiently
they achieve their
goals
4 The role of social The social scientist Political stances as inescapable so that
scientist must and can “those who avoid political questions
approach language inadvertently support the status quo”.
problems in an
apolitical manner
 Linguistic Instrumentalism

English is seen in instrumentalist terms.

Linguistic instrumentalism will also come to
influence the views of the indigenous Asia
language so that these language too will come to
be seen in instrumentalist terms.
MALAYSIA
LETAK DAN LUAS

1. Ditinjau dari letak astronomisnya

2. Letak geografisnya :
Sebelah utara : Thailand, Laut Cina Selatan
dan Brunei Darussalam.
Sebelah timur : Laut Sulu dan Laut
Sulawesi.
Sebelah barat : Selat Malaka.
Sebelah selatan : Indonesia dan Singapura.
 BAHASA

Melayu

Inggris
 NEGARA PERNAH MENJAJAH

Malaysia pernah dijajah oleh penjajah inggris selama 346

tahun, Sejarah Berdirinya Negara Malaysia.Sepanjang
masa tersebut rakyat negeri tersebut telah melancarkan
berbagai bentuk perjuangan terutamanya melancarkan
perang ke atas kekuasaan penjajah barat.Kenyataan
menunjukkan bahwa perjuangan-perjuangan ini disirami
dengan darah dan jiwa raga pejuang-pejuang mengikut
zaman masing-masing.
SINGAPUR
A
 DESKRIPSI
HISTORIS
Sebuah negara
pulau di ujung
selatan Thomas
Semenanjung Stamford
Malaka Raffles
Penduduk

3,2 JUTA
 CINA
 MELAYU
 INDIAN
 INDO-EROPA
BAHASA
NEGARA PERNAH DIJAJAH
Singapura mengumumkan
kemerdekaannya dari Britania secara
unilateral pada Agustus 1963

Singapura secara resmi memperoleh

kedaulatan pada 9 Agustus 1965
PHILIPPINES
 LETAK
Sebelah
selatan Sebela
Sebelah
utara
berbatas Sebelah h barat
an timur berbata
berbatas
dengan berbatas
an san
Laut an
dengan
Sulu dengan dengan
dengan Laut
dan Laut Fil
Laut
Laut ipina Cina
Filipina
Sulawes Selatan
i
BAHASA

TAGALOG
THE KINGDOM OF THAILAND
Letak Geografis dan Sosial Budaya

• Jumlah penduduk : 65
Thailand memiliki
juta jiwa
luas ±514.000 km2 • Agama Buddha menjadi
dan 90 % nya agama dengan pemeluk
merupakan daratan. terbanyak.
• Penghasil padi terbesar
di asia tenggara.
Sejarah Negara Thailand

Sukhothai (1238-
1376)
Ayyuthaya (1350-
1767)
Burma (berakhir
tahun 1790-an)
Siam (Thailand)
Bentuk negara

Monarki
Konstitusiona
l
 BAHAS
A
BAHASA
NASIONAL :
BAHASA BAHASA
THAILAND ASING :
(STANDARD BAHASA
THAI) INGGRIS