Exponents

Saw Wati Hnin (Victoria)

Aung Khant Moe(Daniel)

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 Table of contents
Glossary
01 Percentage change, exponential
04 Exponential
Definition, formulas +
functions
growth/decay transformations

02 Exponential
+properties
graphs 05 Brief timeline
+transformations Brief history + top 3 uses of
exponents

03 Exponential vs other 06 Real-life examples

graphs Bacterium growth+
Spread of COVID
Differences + Properties
Q: What is an
Exponent?
An exponent is a constant
raised to the power of the
argument, especially where
the constant is e.
Eg: 2 x
 01
Glossary
(terminology)
 Glossary
● Percent change refers to a change based on a
percent of the original amount.

● Exponential growth refers to a percent increase of

the original amount over time.

● Exponential decay refers to a percent decrease of

the original amount over time.
 02
Exponential
Graphs
+Properties
Growth v.s decay
If the value of the exponent is
Positive  exponential growth
(left to right concave up)

If the value of the exponent is

Negative  exponential decay
(right to left concave up)
Basic exponential Basic exponential
growth decay
Domain (-∞, ∞) (-∞, ∞)
Range (0, ∞) (0, ∞)
Asymptote y=0 y=0
Intercepts (0, 1) (0, 1)
End behavior x  -∞, y  0 x  -∞, y  ∞
x  ∞, y ∞ x  ∞, y 0
Intervals of inc/dec Inc (-∞, ∞) Dec (-∞, ∞)
 Reflections of Exponential Graphs
Change in signs in front of x =
reflection in y-axis

Change in signs in front of y=

reflection in x-axis

Changing into the opposite signs in

front of x and y= reflection in y=x or
y=-x

• 2x → 2-x    (reflection in y-axis)

• 2x → -2x  (reflection in x-axis)
• 2-x →  -2-x (reflection in x-axis)
• -2-x → -2x  (reflection in y-axis)
• 2x → -2-x  (reflection in y = x)
• 2-x → -2x  (reflection in y = -x)
 Stretch / Compression

Horizontal Vertical
 Translation

Horizontal Vertical
 03
Exponential
v.s
Other graphs
+Properties
Exponential v.s Linear graphs Exponential graph Linear graph
Domain: x E R Domain: x E R
Range: y > 0 Range: y E R
Horizontal Asymptote: Horizontal Asymptote:
x-axis none
Vertical Asymptote: Vertical Asymptote:
none none
Zeroes: (0,1) Zeroes: (0,0)

g(x) increases by 2 while f(x) increases by

increasing powers of 2
 Logarithmic v.s Exponential
Logarithmic graph: Exponential graph
Domain: x > 0 Domain: x E R
Range: y E R Range: y >  0
Horizontal Asymptote: Horizontal Asymptote:
y-axis none
Vertical Asymptote: Vertical Asymptote: x-
none axis
Zeroes: (1,0) Zeroes: (0,1)
 04
Exponential
Functions
Definition, formulas +
transformations
Q: What is an
exponential
function?
An exponential function is
a function whose value is
a constant raised to the
power of the argument.
Real-life type 1:

M(t)=P(½)^(t/h )(Half life)

M(t)=Actual mass, P=initial mass, t=

time in days, h=half life
Real-life type 2:

A = P((1+r)/n)^nt (Compound interest)

A=total amount, P=principal amount,

r=interest rate (decimal), n=number of
time interest is compounded in a year,
t=time in years
Real-life example 3:

R = log (a/t+B) (Richter scale)

R=intensity of earthquake , a=amplitude

, t=time between waves , B=3.2
Real-life example 4:

pH = -log[H+] (pH)

pH= measure of acidity or alkalinity,

H+=hydrogen ion concentration
Real-life example 5:

L = 10 log(I/Io) (Loudness)

L=loudness (dB) , I=intensity

(W/m^2), Io = Dynamic range of
intensity (10^-12 W/m^2)
Transformation of exponential functions

f(x) = ab^(kx-d) + c

a: a>0 = vertical stretch / a<0 = v.compress

b: constant
k: k<0 = horizontal stretch / k>0 = h.compress
d: horizontal translation
c: vertical translation
 05
Timeline
+contributors
+top 3 uses
 Contributors’ timeline
John Napier (1614)
Wrote “Miraculous canon of
logarithm”
Value of e = 2.71 (not accurate)
Jacob Bernoulli
Discovered while solving the
financial problem relating to
compound interest
Very accurate approximation, e =
2.718281828 Leonard Euler (1768)
Gave the name e, e = 2.718281828
(23 decimals)
Also named  π
 Top 3 uses for exponents
Business
Compound interests and
finances

Earthquakes
Richter scales

Safety
Half-life calculation decides if
a place is safe to house
residents
 06
Real-life
examples
Real-life STEM
examples:
1. Bacterium
growth (SWH)
2.Covid
spreading
(AKM)
 Resources
Exponential function – Wikipedia

iMovie, Slidesgo, GoDaddy, ibispaintX and Procreate

History of constant e (
https://youtu.be/maWSyCDyB4c)

Transformation of exponential functions (Nelson

textbook)

Common Formulae of exponential formula (Nelson

textbook)
Conclusion
● An exponent is a constant raised to the power of the
argument, especially where the constant is e.

● An exponential function is a function whose value is a

constant raised to the power of the argument.

● Transformation formula: f(x) = ab^(kx-d) + c

● a: a>0 = vertical stretch / a<0 = v.compress
● b: constant
● k: k<0 = horizontal stretch / k>0 = h.compress
● d: horizontal translation
● c: vertical translation

● Exponents are used in real life for: 1) half-life

2)compound interest 3) Richter Scale
4)pH 5) Loudness
Thank you!