Equation Forms: Finding Slope:

• Slope-Intercept Form:
y = mx + b
m = slope;   b = y-intercept 

• Point-Slope Form:
y - y1 = m(x - x1)
uses point (x1,y1) and m

• Standard Form:
Ax + By = C
A, B and C are integers.
A is positive.
Average rate of
change (slope) is constant.

No relative or absolute maxima or minima x-intercept (for y = x):

Unless otherwise stated: unless domain is altered. crosses x-axis
   Domain:   (All Reals) (x, 0)
Set y = 0, solve for x.
   Range:   (All Reals) 
y-intercept (for y = x):
crosses y-axis
Effects of Changes in y = mx + b: (m = slope; b = y-intercept)
(0, y)
• if m = 0, then line is horizontal (y = b)
"b" value
• if m = undefined, then line is vertical ("run" =0) (not a function)
Set x = 0, solve for y.
• if  m > 0, the slope is positive (line increases from left to right) 
(the larger the slope the steeper the line)
End Behavior:
• if m < 0, the slope is negative (line decreases from left to right)
One end approaches +∞,
• Lines with equal slopes are parallel. other end approaches -∞.
• | m | > 1 implies a vertical stretch  (Unless domain is altered.) 
• -1 < m < 0 or 0 <  m < 1, implies a vertical shrink 

• if b > 0, then there is a vertical shift up "b" units

• if b < 0, then there is a vertical shift down "b" units
Linear Function - Transformation Examples:

Translations Reflection Vertical Stretch/Shrink

 Equation Forms: Axis of Symmetry:
• Vertex Form:
y = a(x - h)2 + k 
with vertex (h,k)  
shows vertex, max/min, inc/dec locates "turning point"
(vertex) 
• Point-Slope Form:
y = ax2 + bx + c Average rate of change
negative "a" opens down  NOT constant

• Intercept Form: x-intercept(s):

y = a(x - p)(x - q) determine roots/zeros
p and  q are x-intercepts.
shows roots, pos/neg y-intercept:
(0, y)

End Behavior: Both ends approach +∞, or both ends approaches -∞.

Quadratic Function - Possible Real Roots:

y = (x + 2)(x + 2) y = (x - 2)(x + 2) y = x² + 2

x = -2;   x = -2 x = 2;   x = -2 roots are complex (imaginary)

Maximum/Minimum: Finding the "turning point" (vertex) will locate the maximum or minimum point. The
intervals of increasing/decreasing are also determined by the vertex. 

Quadratic Function - Transformation Examples:

Translation Reflection Vertical Stretch/Shrink

 Example Equation Forms:
• y = x3
(1 real root - repeated)
• y = x3- 3x2= x2(x - 3)  NOT constant
(two real roots - 1 repeated)
• y = x +2x +x = x(x + 1)
3 2
(three visible terms)
• y = x +3x +3x+1=(x+1)
3 2
(1 real root - repeated)
• y = (x+1)(x - 2)(x - 3)
(factored form - 3 real roots)
Cubic functions are of degree 3.
Symmetric (for y = x³):
about origin
Average rate of change:
x-intercept(s):
2 determine roots/zeros
y-intercept:
3 
(0, y)
End Behavior:
One end approaches +∞,
other end approaches -∞.
(Unless domain is altered.)

Cubic Function - Possible Real Roots:

y = x³ y = x³ - 3x²  y = x³ - 3x² + 2
1 Real Root (repeated) 2 Real roots (1 repeated) 3 Real roots

Cubic Function - Transformation Examples:

Translations Reflection Vertical Stretch/Shrink

Linear
Quadratic
Cubic
Functions