MODULE 4: ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

This course covers equations of lines and

conic sections. Topics also includes curve tracing in
both rectangular and polar coordinates in two-
dimensional space. 3. Intercept Form (given x-intercept, a and y-intercept,
b) y
Learning outcomes 𝒙 𝒚
+ =𝟏
𝒂 𝒃
After completion of the course, the students should be
where: P(0, b)
able to:
1. Set up equations given enough properties of lines a = intercept on
and conics; the x-axis
P(a, 0)
2. Draw the graph of the given equation of a line and b = intercept on
conic sections; and 0 x
the y-axis
3. Trace completely the curve, given their equations
4. Two-point form [Given two points P1(x1, y1) and P2(x2,
in both rectangular and polar coordinates in two-
dimensional space. y2)]
𝒚 − 𝒚 𝟏 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚 𝟏
=
𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏
Cartesian and Polar Coordinate Systems

y - axis

P(x, y) y
x (abscissa)
Q(r, ɵ)
Pole P2 (x2, y2)
y (ordinate) r
origin ɵ
0 Polar axis P1 (x1, y1)
x - axis
Cartesian Coordinate Polar Coordinate
system system 0 x
4.1. THE STRAIGHT LINE
Distance between Two Points
Straight line is a line that does not change in direction
y
General Equation
Ax + By + C = 0 or x + by + c = 0
P2(x2, y2)
Standard Equation of Straight Line
Ɵ
1. Point-slope Form [Given a point (x1, y1) and a slope,
m] P1 (x1, y1)
y
y - y1 = m(x - x1) 0 x
where: m = slope
𝑫 = √(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐
x1, y1 are the P1 (x1, y1)
coordinates of a
point on the line
Ɵ Slope of a line:
0 x
Slope = m = tanƟ 𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏
Slope, m =
2. Slope-intercept form (Given slope, m and y-intercept, 𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏
b)
y TanƟ = m
y = mx + b

where: m = slope Distance of a point from a line:

b = intercept on the y-axis Equation of line: Ax + By + C = 0

P(0, b)

Ɵ
0 x
Coordinates of the point: (x1, y1) For perpendicular lines L1 and L2,
𝟏
𝑨𝒙𝟏 + 𝑩𝒚𝟏 + 𝑪 𝒎𝟐 = −
𝑫= y 𝒎𝟏
±√𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐

use:
Example 4.1: Solve the following problems properly
D
(+) if B is positive
1. Find the distance between the points (3, 2) and (-5, 4).
(-) if B is negative P(x1, y1) Solution:
0 x
y

P1 (-5, 4)
Distance between two parallel lines:
D
𝐿1 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶1 = 0
𝐿2 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶2 = 0 P2 (3, 2)

𝑪𝟐 − 𝑪𝟏 y 0 x
𝒅= L1
√𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐
L2 𝑫 = √(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐

d = √[𝟑 − (−𝟓)]𝟐 + (𝟐 − 𝟒)𝟐

= √𝟔𝟖
0 x
= 𝟐√𝟏𝟕

Angle between two lines: 2. Show that the points P1: (5, 0), P2: (2, 1), P3: (4, 7) are
𝒎𝟐 −𝒎𝟏 vertices of a right triangle.
TanƟ =
𝟏+𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟏 Solution:
L2 Use the distance formula to solve the distance between the
y
given points, and show the relation between the sides of
L1
the triangle using the Pythagorean Theorem.

y P3 (4, 7)
Ɵ

0 x D2
D3

Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

P2 (2, 1) D1
y P1 (5, 0)
L1 L3
0 x
L2

𝐷1 = √(5 − 2)2 + (0 − 1)2

= √10
𝛼1 𝛼2
0 x 𝐷2 = √(4 − 2)2 + (7 − 1)2

= √40
Let m1, m2, and m3 are the slopes of the lines L1, L2, and
L3 respectively. Since L1 and L2 are parallel, slope m1 = = 2√10
m2 .
𝐷3 = √(5 − 4)2 + (0 − 7)2
 = √50 x = 2y + 15

= 5√2 5. Find the distance from the line x = 3y - 12 to the point

(5, 1). Check the sign by plotting.
Solution:
By Pythagorean Theorem
x = 3y -12
(𝐷3 )2 = (𝐷1 )2 + (𝐷2 )2
or x – 3y + 12 = 0 where A = 1, B = -3 and C = 12
(5√2 )2 = (√10)2 + (2√10)2
50 = 10 + 40
𝑨𝒙𝟏 + 𝑩𝒚𝟏 + 𝑪 (𝟏)(𝟓) − 𝟑(𝟏) + 𝟏𝟐
𝑫= =
50 = 50 ±√𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐 −√𝟏𝟐 + (−𝟑)𝟐
3. Find the slope of the line joining the points (6, 2) and 𝟏𝟒 √𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟒√𝟏𝟎 𝟕(𝟐)√𝟏𝟎 𝟕√𝟏𝟎
(3, 4). =− ∙ =− =− =−
√𝟏𝟎 √𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟓(𝟐) 𝟓

Solution:
𝑦2 −𝑦1 4−2 Graph
m= = 3−6
𝑥2 −𝑥1

𝟐
𝒎=−
𝟑
4. Find the equation of a line through (3, -6) perpendicular
to the line joining (4, 1) and (2, 5).

6. Find the distance from the line 3x + 4y = 11 to the point

(2, 5). Check by plotting.
Solution:
3x + 4y = 11
or 3x + 4y - 11 = 0 where A = 3, B = 4 and C = -11

𝑨𝒙𝟏 + 𝑩𝒚𝟏 + 𝑪 (𝟑)(𝟐) + 𝟒(𝟓) − 𝟏𝟏

𝑫= =
±√𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐 +√𝟑𝟐 + 𝟒𝟐

Solution: =𝟑

The unknown equation can be found by using point-slope form, Graph

y - y1 = m(x - x1)
where m is the negative inverse of the slope m’ of the line joining
the two given points (4, 1) and (2, 5).
That is,
m = -1/ m’
−1 1
m= 1−5 =
2
4−2

Therefore, the equation required is

y – (-6) = ½ (x - 3)
y + 6 = x/2 -3/2
y = x/2 -15/2
or
 4.2. THE CIRCLE y

A circle is a locus of point that moves at a constant 1/2

distance from a fixed point. The fixed point is the center, x
1/4
and the constant distance is the radius. The radius as thus
defined is of course merely a number of linear units; the C
term is also used, as in elementary geometry, to mean a
line-segment joining the center and a point of the curve.
A diameter of a circle may mean either a straight line Exercise 4.2.1: Write the equation of the circle.
through the center, or the segment of such line lying inside
the curve. 1. With center at (2, -3), radius 5.

The Standard Form 2. With center at (-4, 1), radius 6.

Consider the following figure. 3. With radius a and touching both axes.

y 4. With center at (2a, a) and touching the y-axis

P

C a Exercise 4.2.2: Draw the circle.

1. x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y = 12
k
h 2. x2 + y2 = 6x – 8y
x 3. 3x2 + 3y2 = y + 2

The equation of a circle of radius a is: 4. x2 + y2 - 8x + 2y = 8

if the center is the origin,

𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 Exercise 4.2.3: Find the point of intersection of the
circles
if the center is the point (h, k),
x2 + y2 - 18x - 4y + 35 = 0, x2 + y2 + 2x + 6y – 15 = 0
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐
ans: (2, 1), (4, -3)
Solve the equations simultaneously,
If a = 0 the circle is called “point circle”, that is given by
the equation, x2 + y2 - 18x - 4y + 35 = 0

(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝟎 - (x2 + y2 + 2x + 6y – 15 = 0)

- 20x – 10y + 50 = 0

The General Equation of a Circle or y = 5 – 2x substitute to either of the equations

Ax2 + Ay2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 x2 + (5 – 2x)2 - 18x – 4(5 – 2x) + 35 = 0

x2 + 25 – 20x + 4x2 – 18x – 20 + 8x + 35 = 0

Example 4.2: 5x2 – 30x + 40 = 0

Find the center and radius of the circle or

4x2 + 4y2 – 4x + 2y + 1 = 0. x2 – 6x + 8 = 0

Transpose the constant term to the right member and (x – 4)(x - 2) = 0

divide by 4: x = 4, x = 2
x2 + y2 – x + ½ y = -¼ . if x = 4,
Then complete the squares in x and y. y = 5 – 2(4) = -3
x – x + ¼ + y + ½ y + 1/16 = -1/4 + ¼ + 1/16
2 2
if x = 2,
(x – ½) + (y + ¼) = 1/16
2 2
y = 5 – 2(2) = 1
The center is the point C: (1/2, -1/4), and the radius is ¼. therefore, the points of intersections are
(4, -3) and (2, 1)
 4.3. CONIC SECTIONS. THE PARABOLA d. if the axis is parallel to Oy and the curve opens
downward,
The path of a point which moves so that its
distance from a fixed point is in a constant ration to its (x – h)2 = - 4a( y – k)
distance from a fixed line is called a conic section, or
If the vertex of the parabola is at (0, 0) the equations above
simply conic.
can be reduced to:
Consider the following figure:
y a. if the axis is parallel to Ox and the curve opens to the
Vertex D’ right,
D’ D
Q1 a
P L y2 = 4ax
Latus Rectum

O x
2a
a a a b. if the axis is parallel to Ox and the curve opens to the
F M 2a 2a left,
2a Q1 F Q2
Q2 y2 = - 4ax
D Focus c. if the axis is parallel to Oy and the curve opens upward,
Directrix
x2 = 4ay
The fixed point is called the focus of the conic, the fixed
line the directrix, and the constant ratio the eccentricity. d. if the axis is parallel to Oy and the curve opens
If F is the focus, DD’ the directrix, and P a point on the downward,
conic, then
x2 = - 4ay
𝐹𝑃
=𝑒
𝐿𝑃
or The General Equations of a Parabola:
𝐹𝑃 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝐿𝑃 For axis parallel to Ox
where e denotes the eccentricity. Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
The conic section fall into three classes, as follows: For axis parallel to Oy
if e <1, the conic is an ellipse; Ax2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
if e = 1, the conic is a parabola; Example 4.3:
if e >1, the conic is hyperbola. Reduce to standard form the equation
2x2 + 2x + 3y = 0
The equation (standard form) of parabola with vertex Complete the square in x:
at (h, k) is:
x2 + x + ¼ = -3/2 y + ¼
(x + ½)2 = -3/2 (y – 1/6)
y
The curve opens downward with h = - ½ and k = 1/6
Exercise 4.3: Reduce the equation to standard from; plot
O1
the vertex, focus, and ends of the latus rectum; trace the
k curve.
h
1. y2 – 12x + 24 = 0
O x
2. y2 + 8x + 16 = 0
a. if the axis is parallel to Ox and the curve opens to the
right, 3. x2 + 2y + 2 = 0

(y – k)2 = 4a( x – h) 4. x2 – 4y + 12 = 0

b. if the axis is parallel to Ox and the curve opens to the 5. x2 = 4(x + y)

left,
6. y2 = 12(y – x)
(y – k)2 = - 4a( x – h)
7. y2 + 2x + 6y + 17 = 0
c. if the axis is parallel to Oy and the curve opens upward,
8. x2 – 2x + 2y + 7 = 0
(x – h)2 = 4a( y – k)
9. y2 – x + y – 1 = 0
10. y2 + x + y = 0
 4.4. THE ELLIPSE 𝑎
or 𝑒=
𝑑
Ellipse is a locus of point which moves so that the sum of
the distances from two fixed points is constant and is Directrix (d)
equal to the length of the major axis (2a) The ellipse is the 𝑎
conic section for which e <1. 𝑑=
𝑒
Length of the Latus Rectum (LR):

2𝑏2
𝐿𝑅 =
𝑎

The area (A) and perimeter (P) of Ellipse:

𝑨 = 𝝅𝒂𝒃

𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
𝑷 = 𝟐𝝅√
a and b are called semi-axes.V3 & V4 are co-vertices. 𝟐
General Equation:
Example 4.4:
Ax2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
1. Reduce the equation of ellipse 9x2 + 4y2 – 24y – 72x +
Standard Equation: 144 = 0 to standard form.
a. Center at Origin C(0, 0) y Solution by completing the square:

𝑥2 𝑦2 b 9x2 – 72x + 4y2 – 24y = - 144

+ 𝑏2 = 1 a x
𝑎2
(0, 0) 9(x2 – 8x + 16) + 4(y2 – 6y + 9) = - 144 + 144 +
𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 − ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 36

y 9(x – 4)2 + 4(y – 3)2 = 36

𝑥2 𝑦2 a
+ 𝑎2 = 1
𝑏2 b Divide both sides by 36 gives,
x
𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 − 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 (0, 0) (𝑥−4)2 (𝑦−3)2
+ =1 or
4 9
b. Center at (h, k):
y (𝑥 − 4)2 (𝑦 − 3)2
+ =1
(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2 b 22 32
+ =1 a
𝑎2 𝑏2 (h, k)
𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 − ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 2. Trace the ellipse 4x2 + 6y2 = 3
Solution:
O x
y Divide by 3, to reduce the right member to unity:
(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2 a
+ =1
𝑏2 𝑎2 4𝑥 2
b
+ 2𝑦 2 = 1
𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 − 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 (h, k) 3
Divide numerator and denominator in the first term by 4,
O x in the second by 2, to reduce the numerator-coefficients
to unity:
Focal Distance (c): 𝑥2 𝑦2
3 + 1 =1 or
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 4 2

𝑜𝑟 𝑐 = √𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 𝑥2 𝑦2
2 + =1
√3 1 2
Eccentricity (e): (2) ( )
√2
𝑐 √𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
𝑒= =
𝑎 𝑎
Since the denominator of x2 is larger, we have an ellipse Exercise 4.4.1: Find the center and foci, plot the vertices
with its major axis on Ox. Therefore, and the ends of the latera recta, and draw the curve. Find
the eccentricity and the equations of the directrices.
√3 1 √2
a= , b= =
2 √2 2 𝑥2 𝑦2
1. + 16 = 1
25
2
√3 1 2 1 𝑥2 𝑦2
√
𝑐= ( ) −( ) = 2. + 169 = 1
2 √2 2 144

𝑥2 𝑦2
2 3. + 100 = 1
36
√3
2 ( )
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 2 3 4. 3x2 + 4y2 = 12
𝑑= = 𝑐 = = 1
=
𝑒 𝑐 2 5. 4x2 + y2 = 1
𝑎 2
Exercise 4.4.2: Find the equation of the following
ellipses. Assume h = 0 and k = 0.
1. Eccentricity ½, distance between directrices
24. (Ans: 3x2 + 4y2 = 108)
2. Major axis 8, distance between foci 6. (Ans:
b
a 7x2 + 16y2 = 112)
(0, 0)

3. Find the equation of the ellipse with eccentricity 1/3

and distance between foci 2. Assume h = 0 and k = 0.
Solution:
Given:
e = 1/3
2c = 2; c = 1
Solving for a,
e = c/a
a = c/e = 1/(1/3) = 3
For b,
from
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
12 = 32 − 𝑏2

b = √9 − 1 = 2√2

𝑥2 𝑦2
Using + 𝑏2 = 1 , substitute the values of b and a:
𝑎2

𝑥2 𝑦2
32
+ 2 =1
(2√2)

𝑥2 𝑦2
(9 + 8
= 1) 72

8x2 + 9y2 = 72
 4.5. THE HYPERBOLA
Hyperbola can be defined as the locus of point
that moves such that the difference of its distances from
two fixed points called the foci is constant. The constant
difference is the length of the transverse axis, 2a. The
hyperbola is the conic section for which e >1.
Elements of Hyperbola
1. Center (h, k). At the origin, (h, k) is (0, 0).
2. Transverse axis = 2a and conjugate axis = 2b
3. Location of foci c, relative to the center of hyperbola.
𝒄 = √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
4. Latus rectum, LR

𝟐𝒃𝟐
𝑳𝑹 =
𝒂
5. Eccentricity, e
𝒄
𝒆=
𝒂
6. Location of directrix d relative to the center of
hyperbola.
𝒂
𝒅=
Asymptotes 𝒆
or
General Equation

Ax2 - Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 𝒂𝟐
𝒅=
𝒄
7. Equation of asymptotes.
Standard Equations

𝒙 𝟐 𝒚𝟐 y – k = ±m(x − h)
− =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 Exercise 4.5: Locate the center, vertices, foci, and ends
Hyperbola with center at the origin: of the latera recta, draw the asymptotes, and trace the
curve. Determine the eccentricity and write the equations
Hyperbola with center at the origin and transverse axis on of the directrices and asymptotes.
the x-axis.
𝑥2 𝑦2
1. − =1 3. 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 = 12
16 9
𝒙 𝟐 𝒚𝟐
− =𝟏 𝑦2 𝑥2
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 2. − 144 = 1 4. 𝑥 2 = 3𝑦 2 − 27
25

Hyperbola with center at the origin and transverse axis on

PRACTICE PROBLEMS:
the y-axis.
1. Find the distance between the given points.
𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐 a. (2, 1), (5, 5)
− =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
b. (-2, 4), (3, 6)
c. (1/2, 1), (-3/2, -3)
Hyperbola with center at any point (h, k):
d. (2/3, 1/3), (5/6, -1/2)
Hyperbola with center at (h, k) and
transverse axis parallel to the x-axis. 2. Find the slope of the line joining the given points.

(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 a. (4, 0), (1, -2)

− =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 b. (1/2, -1/2), (0, 1/3)
Hyperbola with center at (h, k) and c. (2, -1), (-3, 4)
transverse axis parallel to the y-axis.
d. (-2, -1), (-3, 4)
(𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 3. Find the distance from the line x + y = -7 to the point
− =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 (4, -1). Check by plotting. (Ans. 𝟓√𝟐)