1.

Straight Line
Equation of Co-ordinate axes
(U)
y-ax0s
Y
Saral
Straight Line
2. Slope
Combined equation of Also called Gradient X2-X1}
coordinate axes is xy = 0 Ifa straight line makes an angle 0 X
with the positive direction of x-axis (in
anti clockwise direction), then the slope
X-axis (y=0)
X of the line is denoted by »m'= tan.
Note m = tan
m=tan
1. If 0 = 0° means line is m=0
0°s0< 180°, +90°
Equation of Straight Line Parallel parallel to x-axis
to Axes 2. If O= 90 means line m does not exist
Equation of aline parallel tox axis at 0s parallel to y- axis.
a distance 'a' from it y= la| 3. For acute angle m is positve
Equation of a line x (00 < 0< 900)
parallel to y axis
4. For obtuse angle m is negative
at a distance b'
(900 << 1800)
from it x= |b| Slope of the line passing through
-(y-a) 5. Line equally inclined to both axes
A(K1, y1) and B(X2, y2)
X 0= 450 or 1350
b b Im=tanA m= tano
-(y=-a) X2- X1 m=1
difference ofy-coordinates
(r=-b) (r=b)
difference ofz-coordinates

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 4. StandardForms of Equations of
Note
6. Let m, and m, be slopes of 2 given lines.
Saral Straight Lines
Slope-intercept Form
(a) If lines are parallel Straight Line Y
mË =m, and vice versa.

(b) If lines are perpendicular

B(, y)
m = tan0 -c
m,= tan(90 + ) =- cote (0, c) A ..
Note
m.m, =-1 and vice versa.
7. Condition for collinearity of three 1.Line making equal non zero intercepts
points A(K, y), B(, y), C(Kj, y) on axes (equal intercept means equal
in magnitude and sign). tan = m =2y=mx + c
’m=-1
Intercept Form
B(X, y,) x Line making intercepts a &b on x&
A(, y) y-axis respectively

1
a
2. Line making equal non-zero length of
intercept on axes B(0,b)
’m=#1.
X3 - X2
h
at=1
3. Intercept of a straight line on the
coordinate axes
OA and OB with proper sign are called A(a.0) X
the intercepts of the line AB on x andy
axis respectively.
O0,0)|
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Slope Point Form
Line passing through point (x], y) Saral (coefficient of x + (coefficient of y)' =1
and p >0
and having the slope m Straight Line
Y B
y-=m(c- K)| Line passing through two points
(K1, S) and (x2, y)
P( y) X
|y-y= (-) (0,0)

|x (0,0)
determinant fornm xË y1 O0)
Normal Form Xa
Two Point Form (0.0)
Line passing through two points
x coSa +y sinc=p
(K1, y) and (x3, V2)
y-1=m(s - )
0sa<2n and p is always posittve
m-=
Parametric Form
p:length of the perpendicular from Cos sine
the origin to the line +
P(, )
a: angle which the perpendicular to the
line makes with positive x axis in
X anticlockwise direction

The normal form can be identified by

checking that

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 (ii) AC=AB+BC.
5. General Form of Equation
Ax + By +C=0 Saral (iv) Equation of line AB, is satisfied by
Reduction of the general equation to point C.
different standard forms
Straight Line
8. Length of The Perpendicular From
The straight line ax+ by + c=0 divides a Point on a Line
Slope of the line Ax + By + C=0 is the line joining the points A (, y) and
(coefficient of x\ ax,+byl+c The length of the perpendicular
i.e, B (I, y) in the ratio - ax, tby1+c
coefficient of y from the point P(x1, yl) on the
IrL(K)y) and L(T,y) are of opposite line ax + by + c=0
y intercept of the line = - CB sign, then division is internal. P (M y)
6. Point and Line
Position of a Point Relative to a
+by, +e
Va2+b2
Given Line
ax + by+c=0
+= 0
Qx+
by+

X B (X y)
9. The Angle Between Two Straight
X Lines
tand = W2-m,
Note
7. Collinearity of three given points 1+m m2
If L(P). L(P,) >0 (Means of samesign) Three given points A, B, C are collinear
:Points P, and P, are on same sides if any one of the following conditions is
of the line L= 0 satisfied.
(i) Area of triangle ABCis zero.
IfL(P). L(P,) <0 (Means of opposite
sign) : Points P, and P, are on opposite (ü) Slope of AB= slope of BC = slope of X
sides of the line L=0 AC.

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Note
1. If the lines are parallel Saral
¬, =, and =0
Straight Line
m2 - m1 11. The Distance Between Two Parallel
tan¢ = |1+ m1mz
Lines
R
2. If the lines are perpendicular L: ax + by + c =0 and L: ar +by + c, =0 P:M
mm d d, = 180- a
wa'+b Ja?+b°
d=d.~d. -e;| nes are y=mjI+ , &y=m,x+ d, and
ajx+bjy+c-0; a,r+b,y+c=0
y= mx + , & y= m,I + d,
a1 Ja'+b²
m1 =-b bz Area -|rd)(G-d)|
The lines are (m1-m2)
Note
() Parallel c> =PAb C
d, if p, =p, then parallelogram will be a
(t1) Perpendicular > aj,+bjb; =0 rhombus.
X
12. Equation of any straight line
(H) Coincident> - 2 through the point of intersection
Note
10. Eq of Lines Parallel And of two given straight lines
The coefficients ofx and y in both the
Perpendicular to a given line equations should be same while applying
Eq. of line, // to the line ax + by +c=0 this formula
Area of Parallelogram L+ L=0
ax + by +=0
P1 and P; are the distances between the
Eq. of line, I to the line aI+ by +c=0 parallel sides
P1Pz A is a parameter which can be evaluated
bx ay +=0 Area =
specificaly using given conditions

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12. Equation of any straight line through
the point of intersection of two given Saral Whether both given lines are perpendicula
or not, but the angle bisectors of these lines
will aBways be mutually perpendicular
straight lines
Conversely, Any line of the form L +
Straight Line 16. Discrimination between acute /
AL, =0 passes through a fixed point 15. Bisectors of The Angles Between obtuse angle bisector
which is the point of intersection of the Two Given Lines Method-I AB 2
lines LË =0and Ly =0. AB2
13. Concurrency of Straight Lines P
The condition for Concurrency of AB I
three lines PM= PN
AB1

ajx+ bËy + =0
a;I + b,y + =0 L,=0

The three lines are

concurrent if
Note
ax + b,y +
aj
az b2
ag
bË
b3 c3
c1
=0

z 0.
la,x +b,y+
a,x+b,yte,=0
Jazx + b,y + c2
IP1| > P:lAB 2 is obtuse angle bisector
IP1l <P2lAB 2 is acute angle bisector
IP1 =P:l the lines are perpendicular
If determinant =0 then it is not always Method-II
AB 2
necessary that lines are concurrent but AB2
Slope:
mL
may be parallel.
14. Bisectors of The Angles Between
Two Given Lines AB 1
Angle bisector is the locus of a point
-ABI Slope: m,
which moves in such a way so that its
20+2a = 180
distance from two intersecting lines
remains same. 0+a=90° L,=0

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Method - II
Find tan =
Saral OR Find Mid point of PQ
Shifing of origin without rotating
1+m,m, Straight Line the axes new axes are parallel to
If tan >1 0> 45°
the original ones X=I-h Y=y-k
AB 1 is the bisector of the obtuse angle L New = Old h, k
and AB2 will be the bisector of the Y
V Old = New + h, k
acute angle
AB, P(x, y) P(X, Y)
If 0 < tan <1 0<45°
(a,B) X
AB 1 is the bisector of the acute angle
The equation of the bisector of L X
(h, k)'o
the angle between the two lines 17. Optics AB
containing the point (a,b) P(x, y)
Foot of l
Rewrite the equations making C, and
C positBve 18. Rotation of The Axes
If aja + b,ß + c and a,a + b,ß+ are ax + by + c= 0
B Rotation of The Axes, Without
of the same signs Changing The Origin Both Systems
ajx+bjytcË agx+bzy+c2 of Co-ordinates Being Rectangular
Q Image I =r' cos-y sin y=x' sin0 +y' cos0
Image Q X-X1_ y-Y1 ax1 + by1 +c fcos -sin® 1||X
Or of opposite signs

ajx+b1ytcq ayx+b2yt2
a

Foot of Perpendicular M
b a² + b²
-Isin® cos
It is easy to deduce the equivalent form
x'= xcos0 + ysin
X- X1 ax1 +byË +c y'=ycos- xsin0
a² +b2
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Homogeneous Equation of Second
Degree Saral (4) If a and b are of opposite sign
’ab < 0’h-ab > 0
Hence, lines are always real.
Straight Line
The condition that these lines are
ar' + 2hxy + by² =0 mË + n2 =
2h (1) Equally inclined to the x axis
b
h=0

The Angle Between Two Lines coefficient of xy =0

tan =t
2Vh²- ab
The condition that these lines are a+b

(1) At right angles to each other Note

mm, =-1’a+b=0 ax?+ 2hry + by² = 0

coefficient of x²+coefficient ofy²=0. D=4h'- 4ab = 4(h-ab)

(2) Coincident
These line will be
tano =0 mË = m2 19. The combined equation of angle
’ - a b =0 h²= ab bisectors between the lines
(1) Real and different if D> 0’-ab > 0
Homogeneous equation of 2nd degree ax? + 2hxy + by² = 0
(2) Real and coincident if D=0h-ab=0 x'-y² Xy
represents combined equation of pair of
straight lines passing through the orig. () Imaginary but a-b h
with real point of
ax' + 2hxy + by² = 0 intersection (0, 0) ifD <0’h² - ab < 0 a#b, h#0

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 The given line equation may be written as
Saral Ix+my
y= mx 1
Straight Line
Point of intersection of two lines ax' + 2hry + by² + (2gx + 2fy)
represented by
(lx+my
ax? + 2hxy + by² + 2gx + 2fy +c=0
Method-I
The points P & Q
satisfy the line, curve
20. The combined equation of angle Get equation of two straight lines and and eqn ...()
solve
bisectors between the lines
Method-II Equation (1) is homogeneous and of the
ax² + 2hxy + by² + 2gr + 2fy +e= 0 2nd degree, it represents 2 st. lines
Partially ifferentiate the equation passing through the origin and points P
Represents a pair of straight lines in ar² + 2hxy + by² + 2gr + 2fy +c-0 &Q
general if :
Angle Between Two Lines Y
abc + 2fgh - af - bg-ch =0 represented by
R
a h gl ax? + 2hxy + by² + 2gx + 2fy+c=0
called discriminant of
h b f=0 equation
8 f c 2Vh²ab
tan = t a+b
This is necessary but not sufficient
condition for lines to be real. 21. (Homogenisation)
The sufficient conditions for lines to be
real are A=0 and h-ab >0.
Curve: ar+ 2hxy +by² + 2gr + 2fy + c=0
Line : k+my =D

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