Government Of Karnataka

www.mathswithme.in Department of Technical Education

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC SURAPURA
20SC01T – LAST MINUTE REVISION

UNIT-1:MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

Cramer’s rule for solving system of linear equations

Consider the system of equations
a1 x  b1 y  c1 --- (1)
a2 x  b2 y  c2 --- (2)
a1 b1 c b1 a c1
Let   , 1  1 and  2  1
a2 b2 c2 b2 a2 c2
1 
then x  and y  2 (provided   0 )
 

Adjoint of matrix:
 a11 a12 a13   A11 A21 A31 
If A   a21 a22 a23  then adjA   A12 A22 A32 
 a31 a32 a33   A13 A23 A33 

a b 
For a square matrix order 2 given by A    , the adjA is obtained by interchanging a and d
c d 
d b 
(diagonal elements) and changing signs of b and c i.e., adjA  
 c a 

1
Inverse of matrix : A1  adjA
A

Characteristic equation of matrix: Let A be a square matrix of order n then A   I  0 is called

characteristic equation. of matrix A where I is identity matrix of order n and  is a constant.

Characteristic roots of matrix: The characteristic equation of matrix A is

A  I  0
and roots this equation A are called characteristic roots of matrix A.

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 UNIT-2:STRAIGHT LINES

Slope of line: If  is inclination of a line then its slope m is

m  tan 

Slope of line: Slope of line passing through two distinct points  x1 , y1  and  x2 , y2  is given by
y2  y1
m
x2  x1

Equation of straight line in standard form

x y
Intercept form:  1
a b

Slope-intercept form: y  mx  c

Slope-point form:  y  y1   m  x  x1 

 y2  y1 
Two-point form:  y  y1      x  x1 
 x2  x1 

General form: ax  by  c  0
a c c
Slope   x  intercept   y  intercept  
b a b

Angle between two lines :

m1  m2
If  is acute angle between two lines having slopes m1 and m2 then tan  
1  m1 m2

Condition for two lines to be parallel: Two lines with slopes m1 and m2 are parallel if their
slopes are equal i.e., m1  m2 .

Condition for two lines to be perpendicular: Two lines with slopes m1 and m2 are
perpendicular if the product of their slopes is equal to 1 i.e., m1 m2  1 .

Equation of a straight line parallel to the given line

The equation of any line parallel to a given line ax  by  c  0 is given by ax  by  k  0 .

For example, any line parallel to 5 x  3 y  2  0 is given by 5x  3 y  k  0 .

Equation of a straight line perpendicular to the given line

The equation of any line perpendicular to a given line ax  by  c  0 is given by bx  ay  k  0 .

For example, any line perpendicular to 5 x  3 y  2  0 is given by 3x  5 y  k  0 .

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 UNIT-3 : TRIGOOMETRY
Relation between degree and radian

180 
Radian Measure  Degree Measure Degree Measure  Radian Measure
 180

Trigonometric ratios of general angle Signs of Trigonometric Ratios

Y
y x II Quadrant I Quadrant
sin   cos  
r r 90    180 0    90
y x Sin and cosec All ratios
tan   cot   are positive are
x y
X X
r r Tan and cot O Cos and sec
sec   cosec   are positive are positive
x y
180    270 270    360
III Quadrant IV Quadrant
Y

Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles

Step 1: Decide the sign positive or negative corresponding to quadrant to which the angle belongs.

Step 2: For the trigonometric ratios of angles 90    and 270   change the ratio sine to
cosine, cosine to sine, tangent to cotangent, cotangent to tangent, secant to cosecant and cosecant
to secant. Whereas for the trigonometric ratios of 180   , 360   and  the ratios remain
same.

The angles ( n  360    ) and  are co-terminal angles and hence trigonometric ratios of these
angles are equal. (where n is an integer)
Example: sin 1500   sin(4  360   60  )  sin 60  and cos(1110  )  cos(3  360   30 )  cos 30 

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Trigonometric Ratios of Compound Angles

sin( A  B)  sin A cos B  cos A sin B sin( A  B)  sin A cos B  cos A sin B
cos( A  B)  cos A cos B  sin A sin B cos( A  B)  cos A cos B  sin A sin B
tan A  tan B tan A  tan B
tan( A  B)  tan( A  B) 
1  tan A tan B 1  tan A tan B

15  45  30 ; 75  45  30 ; 105  60  45

  1  tan A   1  tan A
tan   A   tan   A  
4  1  tan A 4  1  tan A

Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple Angles

1. sin 2 A  2sin A cos A 1  tan 2 A

6. cos 2 A 
2 tan A 1  tan 2 A
2. sin 2 A  2 tan A
1  tan 2 A 7. tan 2 A 
1  tan 2 A
3. cos 2 A  cos2 A  sin 2 A
8. sin 3 A  3sin A  4sin 3 A
4. cos 2 A  2cos 2 A  1 9. cos 3 A  4cos3 A  3cos A
5. cos 2 A  1  2sin 2 A 3 tan A  tan 3 A
10. tan 3 A 
1  3 tan 2 A
1  cos 2 A  2 sin 2 A ; 1  cos 2 A  2 cos 2 A

Transformation Formulae

Transformation formulae to express product of ratios into sum or difference of ratios

1
1. sin A cos B 
2
sin( A  B)  sin( A  B )
1
2. cos A sin B  sin( A  B )  sin( A  B )
2
1
3. cos A cos B   cos( A  B)  cos( A  B )
2
1
4. sin A sin B    cos( A  B )  cos( A  B )
2

Transformation formulae to express sum or difference of ratios into product of ratios

C  D C  D
1. sin C  sin D  2sin   cos  
 2   2 
C  D C  D
2. sin C  sin D  2 cos   sin  
 2   2 
C  D C  D
3. cos C  cos D  2 cos   cos  
 2   2 
C  D C  D
4. cos C  cos D  2 sin   sin  
 2   2 

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 UNIT-4 : DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS AND APPLICATIONS
List of Derivatives

d n d x d
dx
 
x  nx n 1 where n  R
dx
 
e  ex
dx
 cosec x    cosec x cot x
d d 1 d 1
dx
(k )  0 where k is a constant
dx
 log x  
x dx
 sin 1 x  
1  x2
d d d 1
dx
( x)  1
dx
 sin x   cos x dx

cos 1 x  
1  x2
d d 1
d 1
  2
dx  x 
1
x dx
 cos x    sin x
dx

tan 1 x  
1  x2
d
dx
 x 
1
2 x
d
dx
 tan x   sec2 x
d
dx
 
cot 1 x  
1
1  x2
d  1  d d 1
 
1
dx
 cot x    cosec2 x dx
 sec1 x  
dx  x  2x x x x2  1
d x d d 1
dx
 a   a x log a
dx
 sec x   sec x tan x dx

cosec 1 x   
x x2  1

Rules of Differentiation

d d
Rule : k   0  constant   0
dx dx

d du d d
Rule :  ku   k  constant  function   constant   function 
dx dx dx dx

d du dv d d d
Rule : u  v     I function  II function    I function    II function 
dx dx dx dx dx dx

d dv du d d d
Rule:  uv   u  v  I fn  II fn   I fn   II fn   II fn   I fn 
dx dx dx dx dx dx

du dv d d
d u
u
v
d  Nr 
Dr   Nr   Nr  Dr  Nr  Numerator
dx dx dx dx
Rule :     Dr  Denominator
v  Dr 
2 2
dx  v  dx  Dr 

Tangent and Normal

Slope of tangent to the curve y  f ( x)   dy 

If y  f (x) is a curve then   m  and
 at the point P( x1 , y1 )   dx   x1 , y1 
Slope of normal to the curve y  f ( x) at the point P( x1 , y1 )  1/ m
1
Equation of tangent:  y  y1   m( x  x1 ) Equation of normal:  y  y1   ( x  x1 )
m

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Velocity and Acceleration

If s is the displacement of a body then

 d 2s 
 Velocity at timet t  k sec  
ds 
 and  Acceleration at timet t  k sec   2 
 dt  t  k  dt  t  k

Maximum and Minimum

dy d2 y
Step 1: Consider the given function y  f ( x ) and find the derivatives and 2 .
dx dx
dy
Step 2: Take  0 for maximum or minimum value and solve this to get stationary points.
dx
d2 y
Step 3: Check the sign of the derivative 2 at the stationary points. The function has
dx
d2 y d2 y
(i) maximum value at stationary point if 2 is negative i.e., 2  0 .
dx dx
2
d y d2 y
(ii) minimum value at stationary point if 2 is positive i.e., 2  0
dx dx

UNIT-5 : INTEGRAL CALCULUS AND APPLICATIONS

List of Standard Integrals

 0 dx  c (constant) 2
 xdx  3 x  c
3/ 2
 cosec xdx  log(cosec x  cot x)  c
 1dx  x  c  sec xdx  tan x  c
x
a
 a dx  log a  c
2
x

 kdx  kx  c  e dx  e  c  cosec xdx   cot x  c

x x 2

 x dx 
n xn1
n 1
 c n  1  sin xdx   cos x  c  sec x tan xdx  sec x  c
1
 x
1
n
dx 
(n  1) x n1
c  cos x  sin x  c  cosec x cot xdx   cosec x  c

1
x
dx  log x  c  tan xdx  log sec x  c 
1
1 x 2
dx  sin 1 x  c

1
1
 x dx  x  c
2  cot xdx  log sin x  c 
1
1  x2
dx  tan 1 x  c

1
 x dx  2 x  c  sec xdx  log(sec x  tan x)  c  1
x x 12
dx  sec 1 x  c

Rules of Integration

Rule:  kf ( x ) dx  k  f ( x ) dx
Rule:   f ( x)  g ( x) dx   f ( x) dx   g ( x)dx
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Integration by Substitution Method

Integrals can be reduced to standard form using proper substitution for functions depending on the
nature of integrand. The method of evaluation of integral by reducing to standard form using a
proper substitution is called integration by substitution method. Sometimes it is also referred as
change of variable method because here we change the variable of integration.
Method of substitution is used in the following cases
i. If x is replaced by ( ax  b ) in the integrand.
ii. If the integrand contains a function and a term related to derivative of function.

Integration by Parts (I-L-A-T-E)

If u and v are functions of x then  uvdx  u  vdx    

du
  vdx  dx
 dx 
 Integrationof Product   First  Integral of   Derivative of  Integral of 
      Integralof   
 of twofunctions   function  second function   first function  second function 

Definite Integral

 f ( x)dx   ( x) then a f ( x)dx   ( x)a   (b)   (a)

b
If

Area of the region bounded by curves using Integration Method

The area bounded by the curve y  f ( x) , x – axis between the ordinates x  a and x  b is
b
Area   ydx
a

Volume of the solid generated using integration method

The volume of solid generated by the revolution about x – axis, the area bounded by the curve
y  f ( x) between the ordinates x  a and x  b is given by
b
Volume    y 2 dx
a

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 ADDITIONAL POINTS

Fundamental Trigonometric Identities

1 1 1
1. sin   2. cos   3. tan  
cosec  sec  cot 
sin  cos 
4. tan   5. cot  
cos  sin 
6. sin   cos   1 7. 1  tan   sec 2  8. 1  cot 2   cosec 2 
2 2 2

Trigonometric ratios of some standard angles

Degree 0 30 45 60 90 180 270 360

     3
Radian 0  2
6 4 3 2 2
1 1 3
sin  0 1 0 1 0
2 2 2
3 1 1
cos 1 0 1 0 1
2 2 2
1
tan  0 1 3  0  0
3

The values of trigonometric ratios cot  , sec  and cosec  are obtained by taking
reciprocal of ratios tan  , cos and sin  respectively.

Algebraic Identities

1. (a  b)2  a 2  b 2  2ab
2. (a  b)2  a 2  b 2  2ab
3. a 2  b 2  ( a  b)( a  b)

Quadratic Equation

b  b 2  4ac
Solutions of quadratic equations ax 2  bx  c  0 are given by x 
2a

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