Piezo-electric Transducers

piezo-electric
• A piezo-electric material is one in which an electric potential
appears across certain surface of a crystal if the dimensions of
the crystal are changed by the application of a mechanical
force. The effect is reversal, Known as piezoelectric effect.

• Materials
• Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate
• Lithium sulphate
• Potassium dihydrogen phosphate
• quartz
 Derivation

• For capacitance Cp
• Voltage sensitivity of the crystal
• Charge sensitivity
Properties of piezo-electric crystals
• High stability
• High output sensitivity to temperature and humidity
• Quartz is the most stable piezoelectric material
• Barium titanate is polycrystalline
 Use of piezoelectric materials and transducers

• Quartz is used for stabilizing electronic oscillator

• Dynamic measurement
• Ultrasonic generator elements also use barium titanate , a
piezo-electric material. Such elements are used in industrial
cleaning apparatus and also in underwater detection system
known as Sonar
 Photoelectric Transducers
• Photo-voltaic cell or solar cell
• Photoconductive cell
 Photo-voltaic cell or solar cell

• Convert solar radiation into direct current electricity

• semiconductor material Si and Ge are used.
 Photoconductive cell

• Principal based on photo conductive effect

• The electrical resistance of the material varies with amount of
light energy.
 Digital Transducer
• The transducer which have digital output
• The transducer often communicate with digital computer
• Digital transducers are called Encoders
 Module III

Measurement of Resistance, Inductance and

Capacitance
 Measurement of resistance
Classification of Resistance: The classification of resistance ,
from the point of view of measurement, is as follows:
(i) Low resistance : Order of 1Ωand under may be
(ii) Medium resistance : order 1 Ω upwards to about 0.1MΩ
(iii) High resistance : 0.1MΩ and upwards
 Method for measurement of low
resistance
• The method for measurement for low resistance are:
1. Ammeter voltmeter method
2. Kelvin’s double bridge method
3. Potentiometer method
 Method for measurement of
medium resistance
• The different methods used for measurement of medium
resistance
(i) Ammeter – Voltmeter method
(ii) Substitution method
(iii) Wheatstone bridge method
(iv) Ohmmeter method
 Method for measurement of high
resistance resistance
• The different methods are
1. Direct deflection method
2. Loss of charge method
3. Megaohm bridge
4. Meggar