SPIROGRAPH BASED COLLECTOR

ASSEMBLY OF ELECTROSPINNING PROCESS

Mr.P.PATHALAMUTHU, Teaching Fellow, Dept. of Chemical Engineering,

AC Tech. Campus
Dr. A.SIDDHARTHAN, Asst. Professor, Dept. of Mechanical, CEG Campus
Dr.V.R.GIRIDEV, Asst. Prof. (Sr. Gr.), Dept. of Textile Technology,
AC Tech. Campus
1
 ELECTROSPINNING PROCESS

Components
• High Voltage power supply
• Spinneret
• Grounded collecting plate
2
 PROCESS PARAMETERS OF ELECTROSPINNING

1. Solution Parameters
2. Flow parameters
3. Electrical parameters
4. Nozzle geometry, number and arrangements
5. Electric Field between the Electrodes
6. Collector Geometry, distance from nozzle and its relative
movements
7. Ambient Conditions

3
 SOLUTION PARAMETERS
a) Concentration

very low concentration Polymeric micro(nano) particles

Concentration is little higher Mixture of beads and fibres will be

obtained

Suitable concentration Smooth nanofibre

Concentration is very high Helix shaped micro ribbons will be

observed

Fig.1 SEM images of the evolution of the products with different concentrations from low to high
during the electrospinning. [87]

4
b) Molecular Weight
Concentration Fixed
Lower the molecular Form beads rather than smooth fibre
weight

Increasing Molecular Smooth nano fiber obtained

Weight

Further increasing Micro ribbon will be obtained

molecular weight

Fig 2 . Photographs showing the typical structure in the electrospun polymer for various molecular weights.
(a) 9000–10,000 g/mol; (b) 13,000–23,000 g/mol; and (c) 31,000–50,000 g/mol
(solution concentration: 25 wt. %). [88] 5
c) Viscosity

very low viscosity continuous and smooth fibres

cannot be obtained
beads formed

Very high viscosity Hard ejection of jet

6
d) Surface tension:
Surface tension, as the function of solvent compositions of the
solution
Increased surface Beads formed
tension

Reduced surface Beads converted into smooth

tension fibres

Fig.3 TEM images of the PVP nanofibers electrospun from ethanol (a), MC (b), and DMF (c),
respectively [89]

7
e) Conductivity /Surface Charge Density
Solution conductivity is mainly determined by the polymer type, solvent
sort, and the salt.

Increase in solution Formation of thinner fibres

conductivity

8
 ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS

a) Voltage:
The affection of the applied voltage on the diameter of electrospun
fibres is a little controversial.
Example:
Reneker and chun → not much effect of electric field on the diameter
of electrospun polyethylene oxide nanofibres.
Zhang et al (2004) (Fig. 4)
High voltage → Larger diameter
Yuan et al (2004) (Fig. 5)
High Voltage → Narrows of fibre diameter
Deitzel JM et al (2001), Buchko CJ et al (1999), Demir MM et al (2002)
High Voltage → Beads Formation

9
 Fig. .5 SEM images of the ultrafine fibers electrospun from a 20 %
PSF solution in DMAC/acetone (9:1) under different voltages. The
applied voltages of A, B, and C are 10, 15, and 20 kV, respectively.
The average diameters of A, B, and C are 344 ± 51, 331 ± 26, and 323
± 22 nm, respectively.(Yuan et al 2004 )
Fig.. 4 Effect of voltage on morphology and
fiber diameter distribution from a 7.4 wt. %
PVA/water solution (DH = 98 %, tip–target
distance = 15 cm, flow rate = 0.2 ml/h).
Voltages:
a 5; b 8; c 10; and d 13 kV.(Zhang et al
2004 )
10
b) Flow rate:
Buchco CJ et al (1999) (Fig. 6)
Very high flow rate → Bead fibres with thick diameter

Fig. .6 SEM images of the effect of the flow rate on the morphologies of the PSF fibers from 20 %
PSF/DMAC solution at 10 kV. Flow rates of A and B are 0.40 and 0.66 ml/h, respectively.(Buchco
CJ et al (1999) )

c) Collectors
Acted as a conductive substrate to collect the charged fibres
d) Distace between the collector and tip of the syringe
e) Diameter of the orifice of the needle
11
 AMBIENT CONDITIONS

Ambient parameters can also affect the fiber diameters and morphologies
such as humidity, temperature.

Increasing Temperature→ Thinner nano fibre[8]

High humidity →Thicker nano fibre[9]

12
 COLLECTORS

• STATIC COLLECTOR

• DYNAMIC COLLECTOR

• BASED ON ELECTRIC FIELD AND DYNAMIC

• MANIPULATION OF ELECTRIC FIELD

13
 Aluminium Foil Collector

Grid collector

14
ROTATING DRUM COLLECTOR

Advantages: Large area of aligned fibres

may be fabricated.
Disadvantages: Highly aligned fibres may
be difficult to achieve. Fibre breakages
may occur if rotating drum speed is too
high. Twist can not be applied for yarn
spinning. [11-26] .

15
SCANNED DISK FABRICATION

Advantages: Rapid fabrication of

aligned polymeric nanowires.
Disadvantages: Vaporization of
solvent is not complete. Thicker jet
formation. Twist cannot be applied
to form a yarn. [27,28]

16
COAGULATION BATH COLLECTOR

Advantages: Nanofibres can be collected

without sticking.
Disadvantages: Applicable to some
polymers. Partial alignment of fibres.
Growth of bead deposits. Twist cannot be
applied to form a yarn. [29,30].

17
MANDREL COLLECTOR

• rod with different diameter can be

used as a mandrel.
• possible to create tubular
nanofibrous assembly with
different inner diameter.

18
Alignment of fibres based on combining
manipulation of electric field and
dynamic collection.

19
ROTATING WIRE DRUM COLLECTOR

Advantages :Highly aligned fibres are

possible.
Disadvantages: Thicker layer of
aligned fibres are not possible. Fibres
may not be aligned throughout the
whole assembly. Twist cannot be
applied to spin a yarn. [31]

20
DRUM COLLECTOR WITH WIRE WOUND ON IT

Advantages: Highly aligned fibres are

possible. Area of aligned fibres is
adjustable by the wire thickness.

Disadvantages: Aligned fibres are

concentrated on the wire instead of the
whole drum. Twist cannot be applied to
spin a yarn. [32].

21
ROTATING DRUM WITH EARTHED FRAME AS AN
AUXILIARY ELECTRODE

Advantages: Tubular structure can be

fabricated.

Disadvantages: Thicker area of aligned

fibre assembly may not be possible. Twist
cannot be applied to spin a yarn. [33].
22
ROTATING DRUM WITH NEEDLE AS AN AUXILIARY
ELECTRODE

Advantages: Direction of alignment can

be Controlled. Tubular structure can be
fabricated.

Disadvantages: Thicker area of aligned

fibre assembly may not be possible.
Twist cannot be applied to spin a yarn.

23
ROTATING DRUM WITH PARALLEL SURFACE PLATES
AS AUXILIARY ELECTRODES

Advantages: Large area of aligned

fibres can be fabricated. Tubular
structure can be fabricated. Thicker
area of aligned fibre assembly may
be possible.
Disadvantages: Set-up is
complicated. Twist cannot be
applied [33].

24
ROTATING DRUM WITH SHARP PIN ON IT

Advantages: Large area of fibre arrays

can be fabricated.

Disadvantages: Set-up is complicated.

Thicker area of fibre arrays assembly may
not be possible. Twist cannot be applied
to spin a yarn. [34].

25
ROTATING DRUM WITH SHARP EDGE PLATES AS
AUXILIARY ELECTRODES

Advantages: Large area of aligned fibres can

be fabricated. Tubular structure can be
fabricated. Thicker area of aligned fibre
assembly may be possible.
Disadvantages: Set-up is complicated. Twist
cannot be applied to spin a yarn. [35,36].

26
DISC COLLECTOR

Advantages: Highly aligned fibres are

possible. Able to fabricate array of
fibres by attaching a rotatable table on
the disk.
Disadvantages: Unable to retain high
fibre alignment at the same rotating
speed when the deposited fibres are
thicker. Twist cannot be applied to
spin a yarn [37-40].

27
ALIGNMENT OF FIBRES BY MANIPULATION OF THE
ELECTRIC FIELD

28
 AUXILIARY RINGS ELECTRODES

Advantages: Controlled fibres deposition area and location. Twist can be

applied.
Disadvantages: Complicate assembly. Small deposited area. [41-43].
29
 AUXILIARY AC CIRCULAR ELECTRODES

Advantages: Highly aligned fibres are easily obtained. Aligned fibres

are easily transferable.
Disadvantages: Complicated set-up. Thicker layer of aligned fibres
are not possible. There is a limit in the length of the fibres Twist can
30
not be applied to spin a yarn. [44,45].
 AUXILIARY AC PARALLEL ELECTRODES

Advantages: Highly aligned fibres are easily obtained. Aligned

fibres are easily transferable. No limit in the length of fibres
produced.
Disadvantages: Complicated set-up. Thicker layer of aligned
fibres are not possible. [44,45]. 31
 PARALLEL AUXILIARY ELECTRODES

Advantages: Simple set-up. Highly aligned fibres are easily

obtained. Aligned fibres are easily transferable.
Disadvantages: Thicker layer of aligned fibres are not possible.
There is a limit in the length of the fibres produced. Twist can not
be applied to spin a yarn. [46-57]
32
NEGATIVE PARALLEL AUXILIARY ELECTRODES

Advantages: Highly aligned fibres are easily obtained. Aligned

fibres are easily transferable. Twist can be applied to spin a yarn

Disadvantages: There is a limit in the length of the fibres

produced. Application of negative voltage. [58] 33
 RING PARALLEL ELECTRODES

Advantages: Simple set-up. Highly aligned fibres are easily

obtained. Aligned fibres are easily transferable. Twist can be
applied to spin a yarn.
Disadvantages: There is a limit in the length of the fibres produced.
[59]
34
 AUXILIARY ELECTRODE WITH SUPPORT PLATE

Advantages: Simple set-up. Highly aligned fibres are easily obtained.

Aligned fibres are easily transferable. Big area of aligned fibres is
possible.
Disadvantages: Twist cannot be applied to spin a yarn. [60]

35
 CONTROL OF DEPOSITED AREA AND DENSITY OF
ELECTROSPUN FIBER

(a) Regular hexagon multineedle system enclosed inside an iron ring (b) Insulating tube around the needle
system (c) Group of focusing and steering electrodes placed close to collecting substrate, (d) Dual rings
(e) Three rings (f) 2-needle system (g) Wavy-shaped collector (h) Porous-walled
36
cylindrical tube as the dispensing system (i) Saw like-patterned dispensing system .
 MULTICOMPONENT FIBERS

(a) core shell (b) gas as a shell material in core-shell structure

(c) single-needle core shell structure (d) bicomponent electrospinning system
(e) rotating drum between two needle systems as electrospinning setup.
37
 TWISTED NANOFIBERS

(a) self-bundling electrospinning

(b) electrospinning in a liquid container to neutralize the free charge
(c) twisting by four auxiliary electrodes
(d) ring collector, and (e) two horizontal needles systems.

38
CO-ELECTROSPINNING TWO DIFFERENT POLYMERS

a) Depicted graphically b) A set of SEM images showing PCL with

hydroxyapatite (top) polyurethane (bottom) and a mixture (middle)
c) Fluorescent images collected using two different dyes. 39
CATEGORY OF ELECTROSPINNING SETUPS BASED ON
ROTATING DEVICE

(a) solid cylindrical (b) wire winded on an insulated cylinder

(c) wired drum (d) disc collector
(e) sharp pin inside the rotating collector
(f) knife-edged electrodes (g) knife-edged electrode and needle
system.
. 40
 COLLECTOR CONFIGURATIONS ARE MAINLY BASED
UPON A GROUP OF COUNTER ELECTRODES PLACED
IN CERTAIN CONFIGURATION

(a)Parallel electrodes (b) Array of counter electrodes (c) Two steel blades placed with a gap
(d) Parallel electrode system consisting of aluminum and gold electrodes
(e) Two pieces of stainless steel electrodes with the provision to selectively connect to HVDC power
supply (f) Collector system consisted of dual vertical stainless steel wires as the secondary electrodes
with grounded aluminum foil as the primary electrode (g) External magnets as auxiliary electrodes
41
 SPINNERET
• SINGLE SYRINGE
• MULTIPLE SYRINGE
• COAXIAL SYRINGE

42
MULTI-NOZZLE SPINNERETS

43
SYRINGE SET UPS FOR ELECTROSPINNING (LEFT)
COAXIAL AND (RIGHT) TRIAXIAL NANOFIBERS

44
CORE-SHELL SETUP FOR ELECTROSPINNING HOLLOW
FIBERS

45
COAXIAL ELECTROSPINNING AND FABRICATION PROCESS
OF COMMON CORE-SHELL NANOFIBERS
(US 2010/0297906 A1)

46
ELECTROSPINNING MECHANISMS FOR MASS
NANOFIBRES PRODUCTION

47
ELECTROSPINNING FROM MULTIPLE SPINNERETS

Advantages: Spinning fabric consisting

of nanofibres of different materials and
desired ratio.
Disadvantages: The array of spinnerets
requires careful design. Repulsion of
the neighbourhood jets. Blocking of
some spinnerets. Short term operation.
Difficulty of maintenance. [61-74].

48
ELECTROSPINNING FROM POROUS TUBULAR
SURFACE.

Advantages: High production of

nanofibres.
Disadvantages: Large variation
in nanofibre diameters.
Difficulty in controlling the
nanofibre diameters distribution
uniformity. Investing the
collected nanofibres in
applications seems to be
difficult. [75].

49
ELECTROSPINNING FROM A POROUS HOLLOW TUBE
WITH DRILLED HOLES

Advantages: High production of

nanofibres. More control of jet
diameter.
Disadvantages: Complicate set-up
design. Jets repulsion and hole to
hole distance are not clear. Difficulty
in controlling the nanofibre diameters
distribution uniformity. [76].

50
ELECTROSPINNING FROM POLYMER SOLUTION
SURFACE ACTED BY MAGNETIC FIELD.

Advantages: High production rate of

nanofibres. Problem of polymer
solution clogging is not existent.
Disadvantages: Complicated set-up.
Variation of nanofibre diameters is
large. [77].

51
ELECTROSPINNING FROM POLYMER SOLUTION
SURFACE ACTED BY GAS PRESSURE

Advantages: High production rate of

nanofibres. Problem of polymer
solution clogging is not existent.
Ability to control the nanofibre
diameters. Ability to produce coated
fabrics.
Disadvantages: Complicated set-up.
Variation of nanofibre diameters is
large. [78-81].

52
ELECTROSPINNING FROM POLYMER SOLUTION
SURFACE ACTED BY ROTATING ROLLER.

Advantages: Simple set-up. Easy

manufacture. Easy operation. Low cost.
High production rate of nanofibres.
Uniform nanofibre diameters. Problem
of polymer solution clogging is not
existent. Ability to produce coated
fabrics.
Disadvantages: No disadvantages. [82-84].

53
 PROPERTIES OF ELECTROSPUN MAT

• Young’s modulus(MPa)
• Thickness of mat (μm)
• Strain (%)
• Tensile strength(MPa)
• Porosity
• Pore size
• Crystallinity

54
APPLICATION AREAS

55
 OBJECTIVE

To investigate and analyse the mechanical

property of electrospun mat using dynamic
collector based on spirograph

56
 METHODOLOGY

• Study of spirograph set up

• Analysis of spirograph- select better spirograph pattern(more
cross links, lengthy curves, aligned orientation)
• Design of gears
• Design and fabricate new collector setup
• Prepare electrospun mat(both static and dynamic)
• Evaluation (testing &characterization)

57
 SPIROGRAPH
Spirograph is a geometric drawing toy
that produces mathematical roulette curves
of the variety technically known as
hypotrochoids and epitrochoids. It was
developed by British engineer
Denys Fisher and first sold in 1965.[86]

Where,
R- Radius of outer circle
r- Radius of inner circle
t-

Angle by which the tangent point rotates on outer circle

58
Several Spirograph designs drawn with a Spirograph set 59
General representation of internal and external gear meshing
60
Various positions of hole to place the collector plate
61
 3

4
1
22

Dimension of inner rotating gear with holes located geometrically

62
 2
1

4
63
Calculation of centre distance between internal and external gear

64
 Connector

• The connector rotates the smaller gear meshing with stationary larger gear.
• Powered by an electrical motor and controller to vary the speed of revolution.
65
 CARBON BRUSH

A brush is a device which conducts current

between stationary wires and moving parts,
most commonly in a rotating shaft. Typical
applications include electric motors,
alternators and electric generators.

• Connect negative charge to collector

• Avoid the difficulty to rotate collector

plate

66
 3 ASSEMBLED SETUP-Pictorial view
1 2 4

1.Collector Plate
2.Gear setup
3.Carbon Brush
4.Voltage Regulator

67
ASSEMBLED SETUP-Top view

68
 MATERIALS AND METHODS

• To demonstrate the performance of dynamic collector based

on spirograph , electrospinning of Polyacrilonitrile is carried
out.
• Solution preparation
Polyacrilonitrile of 12wt% dissolved in DimethylFormamide (DMF)
under constant magnetic stirring ( 12-14 h)

• Electrospinning setup
 Newly designed collector plate -Dynamic
 High voltage power supply- 13 kV
 Collector to syringe tip distance 12 cm
 Flow rate of polymer solution – 1 ml/hr

69
 MATERIALS AND METHODS

• Tensile Test
– Tensile specimen of dimension 20x10x0.8 mm as per ASTM
standard D88
– Angles – 0, 30,60,90,120,150,180,.....,330,360º
– Tested on Universal testing machine (INSTRON 3369)
– Testing Speed -5mm/min.

70
SPECIMEN PREPARATION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS

• Scanning Electron Microscopy

TESCAN VEGA3 SBU

71
 SEM IMAGES OF MAT

DYNAMIC
STATIC

72
 DIGIMIZER ANALYSIS
STATIC DYNAMIC

73
 CROSS LINKS
STATIC DYNAMIC

74
 DIAMETER OF NANOFIBRE

STATI DYNAMIC
C

75
ANALYSIS OF ELECTROSPUN FIBRE MAT

Fibre Length STATIC Dynamic

COLLECTOR collector based
on spirograph
Above 45 µm 4 6
35-45 µm 2 12
25-34 µm 6 14
15-24 µm 13 19
Below 15 µm 33 22

76
 CROSS LINKS

STATIC DYNAMIC
COLLECTOR COLLECTOR
NUMBER OF BASED ON
CROSS LINKS SPIROGRAPH

147 183

77
 SEM IMAGES

• Morphological characterization

SEM morphology of electro spun mat

shows notable difference in orientation of fibres,
number of cross links, area enclosed by pore,
length of fibre in between cross links.

78
 YOUNG’S MODULUS
ANGLE STATIC DYNAMIC STATIC DYNAMIC STATIC DYNAMIC

0 0.895 3.321 13.85 18.227 35.471 17.873

30 0.269 3.019 7.765 19.351 6.33 15.19

60 0.15 18.826 8.711 32.537 16.985 18.378

90 0.751 13.459 8.305 8.148 14.25 14.347

120 0.196 16.218 11.471 11.143 10.074 18.901

150 15.374 14.885 8.237 13.685

180 13.433 7.843 8.977 22.269

210 31.418 16.054 10.922 6.536

240 16.234 10.921 10.228 16.105

270 22.914 9.236 11.856 14.806

300 8.833 7.477 13.552 22.262

330 12.587 18.954 18.161 14.441

Average 0.4522 10.9686 14.24125 14.56467 13.75358 79

16.23275
 TENSILE STRENGTH
ANGLE STATIC DYNAMIC STATIC DYNAMIC STATIC DYNAMIC

0 0.149 0.458 1.13 1.297 0.929 1.124

30 0.144 0.51 1.244 1.252 0.903 0.988

60 0.114 1.2 0.903 2.492 1.075 0.976

90 0.057 0.984 1.081 1.135 0.735 0.956

120 0.052 1.129 1.228 1.071 0.747 0.845

150 1.38 1.189 0.483 0.672

180 2.582 1.135 0.427 0.703

210 2.507 1.41 0.481 0.707

240 2.451 1.567 0.838 0.549

270 1.711 1.362 0.993 0.461

300 1.32 1.175 1.113 0.571

330 1.108 1.069 1.151 0.725

Average 0.1032 0.8562 1.55375 1.346167 0.822917 0.773083

STD. DEV. 0.046462 0.349059 0.6111 0.389992 0.253135 0.20436 80

 TENSILE STRAIN
ANGLE STATIC DYNAMIC STATIC DYNAMIC STATIC DYNAMIC

0 69.306 53.041 24.832 27.958 22.666 22.354

30 101.594 45.167 33.145 28.292 25.562 25.853

60 79.361 50.889 24.917 28.104 24.979 22.875

90 56.375 54.958 28.782 28.187 28.584 28.458

120 83.222 54.181 29.291 28.083 32.917 25.063

150 27.834 33.459 23.583 30.333

180 32.584 31.98 23.375 25.021

210 25.271 30.146 24.937 35.646

240 35.896 38.854 38.562 30.584

270 26.791 38.667 32.834 25.271

300 33.959 40.749 36.542 22.188

330 35.271 28.562 26.667 21.917

Average 77.9716 51.6472 29.88108 31.92008 28.434 26.29692

81
STD. DEV. 16.80045 3.933576 4.117615 4.865729 5.441658 4.204627
 YOUNG’S MODULUS

ANGLE   STATIC   Average STD DEV.   DYNAMIC   Average STD DEV.

0 0.895 13.85 35.471 16.73867 17.46806 3.321 18.227 17.873 13.14033 8.505634

30 0.269 7.765 6.33 4.788 3.978797 3.019 19.351 15.19 12.52 8.487063

60 0.15 8.711 16.985 8.615333 8.417908 18.826 32.537 18.378 23.247 8.048494

90 0.751 8.305 14.25 7.768667 6.765463 13.459 8.148 14.347 11.98467 3.352185

120 0.196 11.471 10.074 7.247 6.146166 16.218 11.143 18.901 15.42067 3.93998

150 15.374 8.237 11.8055 5.046621 14.885 13.685 14.285 0.848528

180 13.433 8.977 11.205 3.150868 7.843 22.269 15.056 10.20072

210 31.418 10.922 21.17 14.49286 16.054 6.536 11.295 6.730242

240 16.234 10.228 13.231 4.246883 10.921 16.105 13.513 3.665642

270 22.914 11.856 17.385 7.819187 9.236 14.806 12.021 3.938585

300 8.833 13.552 11.1925 3.336837 7.477 22.262 14.8695 10.45457

330 12.587 18.161 15.374 3.941413 18.954 14.441 16.6975 3.191173

82
ANGLE Vs AVERAGE YOUNG’S MODULUS

83
 TENSILE STRENGTH

Angle   STATIC   Average STD. DEV.   DYNAMIC   Average STD. DEV.

0 0.149 1.13 0.929 0.736 0.518196 0.458 1.297 1.124 0.959667 0.442983

30 0.144 1.244 0.903 0.763667 0.563081 0.51 1.252 0.988 0.916667 0.376108

60 0.114 0.903 1.075 0.697333 0.512449 1.2 2.492 0.976 1.556 0.818301

90 0.057 1.081 0.735 0.624333 0.520893 0.984 1.135 0.956 1.025 0.096286

120 0.052 1.228 0.747 0.675667 0.591236 1.129 1.071 0.845 1.015 0.150053

150 1.38 0.483 0.9315 0.634275 1.189 0.672 0.9305 0.365574

180 2.582 0.427 1.5045 1.0775 1.135 0.703 0.919 0.30547

210 2.507 0.481 1.494 1.432598 1.41 0.707 1.0585 0.497096

240 2.451 0.838 1.6445 1.140563 1.567 0.549 1.058 0.719835

270 1.711 0.993 1.352 0.507703 1.362 0.461 0.9115 0.637103

300 1.32 1.113 1.2165 0.146371 1.175 0.571 0.873 0.427092

330 1.108 1.151 1.1295 0.030406 1.069 0.725 0.897 0.243245

84
ANGLE Vs AVERAGE TENSILE STRENGTH

85
 STRAIN
Angle   STATIC   Average STD. DEV.   DYNAMIC   Average STD. DEV.

0 69.306 24.832 22.666 38.93467 26.32463 53.041 27.958 22.354 34.451 16.34143

30 101.594 33.145 25.562 53.43367 41.88005 45.167 28.292 25.853 33.104 10.5178

60 79.361 24.917 24.979 43.08567 31.41538 50.889 28.104 22.875 33.956 14.89565

90 56.375 28.782 28.584 37.91367 15.98829 54.958 28.187 28.458 37.201 15.37861

120 83.222 29.291 32.917 48.47667 30.14491 54.181 28.083 25.063 35.77567 16.01085

150 27.834 23.583 25.7085 3.005911 33.459 30.333 31.896 2.210416

180 32.584 23.375 27.9795 6.511746 31.98 25.021 28.5005 4.920756

210 25.271 24.937 25.104 0.236174 30.146 35.646 32.896 3.889087

240 35.896 38.562 37.229 1.885147 38.854 30.584 34.719 5.847773

270 26.791 32.834 29.8125 4.273046 38.667 25.271 31.969 9.472402

300 33.959 36.542 35.2505 1.826457 40.749 22.188 31.4685 13.12461

330 35.271 26.667 30.969 6.083947 28.562 21.917 25.2395 4.698725

86
ANGLE Vs AVERAGE TENSILE STRAIN

87
 DEVIATION FROM MEAN
Deviation From Mean = Average- value at particular angle
(0°,30°,...)

Example:
Modulus: 0°,30°,...
Mean=0.4522
0.4522 -0.895= -0.4428

0.4522-0.269= -0.1832

88
 YOUNGS MODULUS DEVIATION FROM MEAN
ANGLE STATIC DYNAMIC STATIC DYNAMIC STATIC DYNAMIC

0 -0.4428 7.6476 0.71792 -2.97454 -21.7174 -1.64025

30 0.1832 7.9496 6.80292 -4.09854 7.42358 1.04275

60 0.3022 -7.8574 5.85692 -17.2845 -3.23142 -2.14525

90 -0.2988 -2.4904 6.26292 7.10446 -0.49642 1.88575

120 0.2562 -5.2494 3.09692 4.10946 3.67958 -2.66825

150 -0.80608 0.36746 5.51658 2.54775

180 1.13492 7.40946 4.77658 -6.03625

210 -16.8501 -0.80154 2.83158 9.69675

240 -1.66608 4.33146 3.52558 0.12775

270 -8.34608 6.01646 1.89758 1.42675

300 5.73492 7.77546 0.20158 -6.02925

330 1.98092 -3.70154 -4.40742 1.79175

89
Youngs Modulus variation at different angles

90
 TENSILE STRENGTH DEVIATION FROM MEAN
ANGLE STATIC DYNAMIC STATIC DYNAMIC STATIC DYNAMIC

0 -0.0458 0.3982 0.398 0.034692 -0.10608 -0.35092

30 -0.0408 0.3462 0.284 0.079692 -0.08008 -0.21492

60 -0.0108 -0.3438 0.625 -1.16031 -0.25208 -0.20292

90 0.0462 -0.1278 0.447 0.196692 0.087917 -0.18292

120 0.0512 -0.2728 0.3 0.260692 0.075917 -0.07192

150 0.148 0.142692 0.339917 0.101083

180 -1.054 0.196692 0.395917 0.070083

210 -0.979 -0.07831 0.341917 0.066083

240 -0.923 -0.23531 -0.01508 0.224083

270 -0.183 -0.03031 -0.17008 0.312083

300 0.208 0.156692 -0.29008 0.202083

330 0.42 0.262692 -0.32808 0.048083

91
Tensile strength variation at different angles

92
 TENSILE STRAIN DEVIATION FROM MEAN

ANGLE STATIC DYNAMIC STATIC DYNAMIC STATIC DYNAMIC

0 8.6656 -1.3938 4.61108 3.44423 5.768 3.94292

30 -23.6224 6.4802 -3.70192 3.11023 2.872 0.44392

60 -1.3894 0.7582 4.52608 3.29823 3.455 3.42192

90 21.5966 -3.3108 0.66108 3.21523 -0.15 -2.16108

120 -5.2504 -2.5338 0.15208 3.31923 -4.483 1.23392

150 1.60908 -2.05677 4.851 -4.03608

180 -3.14092 -0.57777 5.059 1.27592

210 4.17208 1.25623 3.497 -9.34908

240 -6.45292 -7.45177 -10.128 -4.28708

270 2.65208 -7.26477 -4.4 1.02592

300 -4.51592 -9.34677 -8.108 4.10892

330 -5.82792 2.84023 1.767 4.37992

93
Tensile strain variation at different angles 94
 RESULTS – MECHANICAL PROPERTY

• Mechanical properties
– By comparing the mean and deviation from mean
values at different inclination prove the
enhancement of mechanical properties by the use
of dynamic collector based on spirograph than
static collector

– The number of lengthy fibres and cross links are

more in mat prepared by dynamic collector based
on spirograph compared to that of static collector
95
 CONCLUSION
Improvement in mechanical property of electrospun
fibre mat produced by dynamic collector based on
spirograph.

96
97
98
99
100
101
 NOVELTY OF INVENTION

 Spirograph based collector assembly was able to produce fibre

mat with mechanical property more or less uniform in different
angular sections of the mat.

 Spirograph based collector has ability to produce variable multi-

oriented patterns/texture of fibres by change of centre of rotation
of meshing gear without use of complicated electrode assembly,
collector design etc.

102
 Applications
 Fibre mat for Wound dressing, Filters, Sensors, Membranes
etc.
 This technique/concept may be used in machining process like
milling/laser micro-machining/electro-discharging machining,
wafer thinning etc where work piece or working head can be
set to move spirographically to achieve micro-patterns more
uniform throughout the sample.
 This techniques may be adapted for
measurement/sensing/testing involving traversing of tool,
probe, spray gun etc, over a material as in case of surface
roughness/profile measuring instrument, wear testing,
cleaning, smearing, coating, etc.

103
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