Lesson 1:

Introduction to Instructional Design

Outline

1. What are instructional materials?

2. What is materials development?
3. What are the principles of second
language acquisition relevant to the
development of materials for the
teaching of languages?
1. What are instructional
materials?

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YOUR THOUGHTS?

?
 What are instructional materials?

Anything which are used by teachers and learners

to facilitate the learning of a language.
Tomlinson 2011

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 What are instructional materials?

 specially designed classroom tools which contain instructions to

learners or teachers, and which specify for each increment of
learning the content to be learnt, the techniques of presentation,
practice and use of that content; and the modes of teaching
associated with those techniques.
-F. Johnson
 What are instructional materials?

 Specially designed – Learning and teaching materials are written and produced for
a specific purpose. They present planned experiences to learners.

 Classroom Tools – Materials are classroom tools which are used by learners and
teachers. If used appropriately, may cause learning to take place. The crucial
factor is how they are used. They are tools which enable a teacher to individualize
learning.

 Instructions – The use of content in materials is planned. Instructions will detail

the use of that content.
 What are instructional materials?

 To learners and teachers - Materials are directed at either learners

or teachers and specify how the learner is to use the material and
how the teacher is to use the subject matter of the book to teach the
learner.

 Content to be learnt – This is the subject matter and /or language

content to be acquired or the skillful use of that content specified to
either a learner or a teacher.
 What are instructional materials?

 Techniques of presentation, practice, or use of the content – These may be in

the form of sets of instructions either to learners or to teachers. They refer
mainly to the contextualization of new language content and procedures for
repetition and transformation

 The mode of presentation, practice or use of the content – When content is

presented, it is presented via a mode such as a book with specified format, tape
recorder with specified organization. The teacher performing specified actions
or using specified objects, is a mode of presentation.
What are instructional materials for teaching language?

 They serve as the basis for much of the language input learners receive and the
language practice that occurs in the classroom. (Richards, 2003)
 important elements within the curriculum and are often the most tangible and
visible aspect of it. (Nunan, 1991)
 provide a detailed specification of content, even in the absence of the syllabus.
(Richards and Dodgers, 1986).
 can define the goals of the syllabus, and the role of the teachers and the learner
within the instructional process. (Wright, 1987).
 Developments in LT
1900-1970s 1980s 1990s to 2000 Present?
Theory L is a code; a system L is for L for real use in the
made up of forms communication world

Goal Correct usage of forms L in communicative Language for wider use

situations entailing requiring BICS, CALP
functions and forms

Methodology Audio-lingual Communicative Content-Based LL

Methodology
Focus Linguistic Competence Communicative ESP
Competence EAC

Instructional Audio-visual aids Technology-aided Learner-centered

Materials materials materials; multimedia
technology based
2. What is materials development?

Materials development refers

to all the processes made use of
by practitioners who produce
and/or use materials for
language learning, including
materials evaluation, their
adaptation, design, production,
exploitation and research.
Tomlinson 2012, p143-4.
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"
 Your thoughts?

 Every teacher is a materials developer.

 The expertise required of materials writers is importantly different
from that required of classroom teachers.
Materials development

Coursebooks
Substantial differences exist
between the acts of writing whole
books and other materials intended
for publication and the more
common activity of creating
materials intended for use in a
Creating
tasks/activities specific class. Byrd (1995)
for language
classroom
 3. What is the basis for
Principles drawn from what we know of
language learning materials SLA
development?
 Affect (Motivation, Engagement, Anxiety)
99% of teaching is making the students feel interested in the
material Chomsky 1988
affective engagement is vital for long-term learning. Tomlinson
2003
Laughter, joy, excitement, sorrow and anger can promote
learning. Neutrality, numbness and nullity cannot. Tomlinson
2003
Grim determination and struggle are not part of the language
 Relationship Among Theory, Practice and Materials

Materials development informs practice & provides a

‘place’ for application of LT theory

  Theory Practice
  Material Material
  s s

Practice Theory
Final Thoughts
 Reference

Tomlinson, Brian (2011). Material development in

Language Teaching (2nd Ed.). Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Questions?