Architecture-Experience-Memory-Perception-Place

Place-identity, Architecture and Tourism

Development in Bali since the 20 Century
th

I Nyoman Gede Maha Putra

…architecture can only come into being if there is a demand for it and someone to
pay the bill…it needs land to exist; it also needs a great deal of materials. And if it
needs land and materials, it needs money. And if it requires money land and
materials, it cannot avoid politics.
Tom Dyckhoff, the Age of Spectacle.
Introduction
numerous books, reports,
journal articles were
reviewed together with
extensive fieldworks and
several in depth interviews
POLITIC
PLACE-
IDENTITY not static but in a state
influences our of constant revision
consciusness to the
world around us, gives
meaning to our life
TOURISM
• Globalisation has changed the way we see our world. It enables us to make comparison between what is ours and what is theirs. Yet, it
strengthen the concept of identity.
• Colonialism introduced new ways of development that is not rooted in local culture. Its economic motifs were also different from the more
philosophical motifs of cosmology that is believed by traditional communities on the colonies. Numerous new cities emerged and old cities
were redefined during the colonial era.
• Nowadays changes occurs not only in political and economic sides but also culture. Culture traffic moves fast transfers new values,
meanings, and different symbolic forms (Hannerz in King, 1997: 106).
• The meeting point of the new and the old raises the issues of place-identity
In order to understand architecture of Bali after the 20th Century we have to follow where the money goes
and how political situation has changed. Economic and political trends, furthermore, give birth to new ideas
developed by individuals, organizations or government in different levels.
 1969-1974 2000-now
Evolution of Bali Architecture in the 20 Century th Tanjung Sari and Matahari Beach Hotel initiated by Donald Cheap airlines redefine tourism
Friend and Wija Waworuntu in Sanur, Next to the Bali Beach Young and middle class tourists seeking for new
Building. SCETO Study to improve local economic development experiences.
1900s 1920s 1928 by means of tourism was set (beach was recommended) New tourist facilities; theme park
Tourism begins The first wave of
1949 ‘Temporary’ architecture
The beginning of
architecture as a professional It started from the Northern artists and Emerging nationalism with art-deco as a 1980-90
practice with multinational part of the island anthropologists style of the middle class showing an effort Guided by the Perda 2,3, and 4, many
companies as the first clients flooded Bali including to look modern government buildings were built with
Istana Tampak Siring built with Balinese
in DEI 1906 Walter Spies lured by
early publications on Modernist style. Paras carving attached on
Balinese Kantoran Style led by Udayana
University graduatees
1870 the façade of DPR Chambers in Denpasar
The end of
The fall of Badung to the island
1980s
cultuurstelsel and
Dutch Colonial
Government
1930-45
Place- Place- Place- Economic development Economic Personal -
the opening of Effort to preserve the supported by physical exploration
Dutch East Indies identity & culture of Bali with identity & identity & identity
development including the
(DEI) to private necessity the official opening of authenticity nationalism development of the Bali of Place- experiment
enterprise Bali Museum
< 1900 1900- 49 1949-70s Airport and the By-pass road identity ation

Puputan
Indonesia Independence in 1945 but
Jagaraga The fall of Klungkung Bali officially join the republic in Place-
The fall of North The birth of Bali Style follows
to Dutch Colonial 1949. Sukarno capitalized traditional identity the
& boom of tourism on the
Bali Kingdom to Government cosmogenic to built modern
Dutch Colonial localism island
Indonesia Wealthy clients were dictated
Government 1908 1970s-80s
by the market craving for
1849 Road construction linking Singaraja and Denpasar
1945-1949 romanticism of Bali
completed Bali Beach Hotel built with Japanese war money with
big glass-box building that invited outcry from the locals
North Bali was the centre of
modern buildings and new
Modern influences spread island wide with Bali
Hotel as a strong example and expats. 1980s
lifestyle on the island with its Cement moulds was introduced by the King of Tanjung Sari Hotel built Economic crises and the Jakarta Riot
international seaport Karangasem Sukarno’s nation building failed to raise economic pushed many business in the city collapsed
growth but it was not in Bali.
1900s 1920s 1963-65 The emergence of Ruko typology
Perda 2,3,and 4 1974 was set to regulate physical
Walter Spies and his colleagues
criticized new buildings developed
development on the island.
Nusa Dua Beach Hotel is developed based on Sceto Study
1998-2000s
by the colonial government
Tax Holiday for tourism related investment
1930s 1974-80s
 Non-place
Flexible working hours
Result oriented-flat hierarchy

Shifting governance mode

Place-based
Rigid working hours
Hierarchical organization

Experience-memory-
perception-reinterpretation

re New and non-traditional ideas

u
u ct
tr TRADITION
c s
i
om
con
o-e
oci
S
Place-identity and necessity
 What is a Traditional Settlement in Balinese context?
Identity?
9 components that form identity from necessity Karakteristik Geografis Umum
General geographical characteristics
Kepercayaan Lokal
Local beliefs

Geography
Sistem sosio-politis dan organisasi sosial (perpaduan desa Persepsi lokal tentang dunia
Cosmology and
mandiri dan sistem monarki) beliefs (kosmologi)
Socio-political system and traditional How the world is perceived
organisations (the cosmology)
Socio-economic
Latar belakang ekonomi rural-agraris and physical
Rural-agrarian economic base needs

Kebutuhan ruang dan Pola penataannya Traditional Ketersediaan material lokal

Spatial needs know-how Availability of local resources
and arrangements

Penguasaan teknologi dan ketrampilan

Skills and technical mastery
Bentuk dan konstruksi bangunan serta penataannya
Building forms: structure and arrangement
In the Eye of Westerners

The last paradise

Morning of the world
Island of Gods
Bali as Tourist Destination
Tourism, Infrastructure and Architecture
Old Brochures of Bali Tourism
Colonial Government Buildings

The Bali Hotel Building by FJL. Ghijsels of AIA

Non-traditional city planning

New building materials and construction methods (require non-
traditional workers)
Early 20th century functionalism
Decorative art
Identity and Authenticity:
Walter Spies Criticizes modern buildings
of the Colonial Government

Walter Spies came to Bali in 1928 and

soon became an expert in Balinese Art
and Culture
Baliseering and The Bali Museum
The Rise of Nationalism and the emergence of the middle classes

• Art deco style adopted as a ‘national movement’

• In Bali, this style was implemented in numerous building including
private houses, public buildings, even temple buildings
• This adoption was intended to show the sense of ‘nationalism’ as well
as a sense of progress
• In private houses, the style was adopted by the middle classes who
gain advantages after the colonial government leaving.
Art-deco
The Bali Beach Hotel and the National Identity
Tourism Business and Place-identity

• Authenticity and romanticism of Bali

• Exceptional architecture and the people of Bali as the source of attractions
• The traditional yet glamorous lifestyle of island life
• Traditional community involvement in tourism businesses
Tandjung Sari
Bawa-Muller-Hill and the Birth of Bali Style
Robi Sularto-Tugur and Balinese Kantoran Style
Cultural and technical expressionism
Architecture Bali Now: in search for self-identity?
‘Temporary’ Style
What next?
 Traditional Governance
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 Non-place
Flexible working hours
Result oriented-flat hierarchy

Shifting governance mode

Place-based
Rigid working hours
Hierarchical organization

Experience-memory-
perception-reinterpretation

re New and non-traditional ideas

u
u ct
tr TRADITION
c s
i
n om
e co
-
cio
So
Every local society that lives in a territorially bound region should …build based on their historical roots
(Castells (b), 2009). This will provide them with a firm foundation upon which to develop their unique
values in a diluted world. However, this does not mean that we have to stay in the past.