Plant tissues

.Hoda Ahmed, PHD

 Types of plant tissues
• A tissue is a group of cells with common origin and
performing a specific function.
• Tissues are divided into simple and complex tissues
according to the number of cell types that they
comprise.
• A simple tissue is homogeneous and consists of only
one type of cells, as parenchyma, collenchyma and
sclerenchyma.
• A complex tissue is heterogeneous and comprises two
or more cell types, as xylem, phloem and epidermis.
 Two types of plant tissues

Meristematic tissue Permenant tissue •

 Meristematic tissue
• Meristems are the embryonic tissues in the mature plant
body.
Characteristics:
• 1. Cells are capable of cell division.
• 2. Have large nucleus.
• 3. Thin cellulosic wall.
• 4. No intercellular spaces among the cells.
 Classification of meristems
• I. According to the position of the meristems in the plant body they
are divided into the following types:
• Apical meristems, which are found in the apices of the main and
lateral shoots and roots. (responsible for increase in organ length)
• Intercalary meristems, which are found in the bases of the
internodes or the base of the leaves. It helps in increasing the length
of the internode. This is usually seen in monocotyledonous plants.

• Lateral meristems, which are situated parallel to the outer side of

the organ in which they are found, e.g., the vascular cambium and
the phellogen. (responsible for increase in organ width or diameter).
According to the origin of the meristems, they are divided into
:the followings types

• Primary meristems: are those that whose cells

develop directly from the embryonic cells.
• Secondary meristems: are those that whose cells
develop from mature tissue which have already
undergone differentiation, (e.g. the phellogen) or
from reactivated primary meristems (e.g. vascular
cambium).
 Permanent tissues
• The tissues that are completely grown and have lost the
ability of division are known as permanent tissues. The
meristematic tissues divide and differentiate to form the
permanent tissues.
• Characteristics:
• They are mature tissue and the cell has lost the capacity of
cell division.
• Vacuoles are prominent.
• Intercellular spaces might be present or absent.
 Types of Permanent plant tissues
1. Dermal or protective tissue ((Epidermis
 The Epidermis

Origin: The epidermis of the shoot arises from the apical meristem
(dermatogen).
Function:
• Protection.
• Transpiration and gaseous exchange through stomata.
• Storage of water and metabolic products.
• Rhizodermis (in root) is responsible for water absorption.
Epidermis consists of three main cell types:
• 1. Epidermal cells proper.
• 2. The guard cells of the stomata.
• 3. Epidermal appendages or trichomes.
1. Epidermal cells proper

• They are living cells with peripheral cytoplasm, highly

vacuolated and lack intercellular spaces.
• Shapes of epidermal cells proper in T.S.:
 Shapes of epidermal cells proper in Surface
view:

• Straight-walled isodiametric

wavy-walled isodiametric
 Shapes of epidermal cells proper in surface view

Elongated cells with

Elongated cells with wavy wall
straight wall
 Stomata .2

• Stomata are openings in the epidermis of leaves and stems,

each bounded by two guard cells and serving in gas
exchange.
• The guard cells, in surface view, may be: 1. kidney-shaped
and scattered as in dicot plant or 2. dumbbell-shaped and
arranged as in some monocot plants.
• In many plants two or more of the cells adjacent to the guard
cells appear to be associated functionally with them, which
are subsidiary or accessory cells.
Stomata structure
3. Epidermal appendages (Trichomes)
‫شعيرات على شكل حرف ‪ T‬كما في نبات االرويا‬
 Multiple Epidermis
• In some species, the epidermis consists of
more than one layer and called multiple
epidermis (originates from the protoderm).